yiuxi,郑中基的无赖?
无奈歌词以及谐音,括号内为谐音
无赖我间中饮醉酒 很喜欢自由
(我甘中羊醉早 很黑服几要)
常犯错爱说谎 但总会内疚
(伤犯错爱虚方 但总微内高)
遇过很多的损友 学到贪新厌旧
(遇过很多得寻摇 或都贪三引高)
亦欠过很多女人
(亦hin过很多nui羊)
怕结婚 只会守 三分钟诺言
(怕给凡 几微扫 三分钟诺引)
曾话过 要戒烟 但讲了就算
(苍瓦过 友该音 但港留早熏)
梦与想丢低很远 但对返工厌倦
(mong与赏丢呆很运 但对返工引gyun)
自小不会打算
(机siu八微答熏)
但是仍惟独你爱我这废人
(但系影外都 内爱我结fai羊)
出错你都肯去忍
(戳错内都航灰羊)
然而谁亦早知不会合衬
(因以水亦走几八微哈参)
偏偏你愿意等
(拼拼内运意当)
为何还喜欢我 我这种无赖
(外活玩黑服我 我结总某赖)
是话你蠢还是很伟大
(系瓦内岑玩系喊维带)
在座每位都将我踩 口碑有多坏
(拽做mui外都脏我踩 好悲摇多外)
但你亦永远不见怪
(但内亦wing云八gin怪)
何必跟我 我这种无赖
(活必刚我 我结总某赖)
活大半生还是很失败
(屋带bun桑玩系喊洒败)
但是你死都不变心 跟我笑着捱
(但系内sei都八宾桑 刚我siu则奶)
就算坏 我也不忍心 偷偷作怪
(早孙外 我呀八羊桑 淘淘作怪)
没有根的野草 飘忽的命途
(木摇甘得野凑 piu发得命头)
谁像你当我宝 什么也做到
(碎脏内当我bou 桑么呀揍都)
旧爱数足一匹布 在这刻写句号
(高爱搜组呀怕bou 拽结哈赛贵后)
只想跟你终老
(几桑甘内总楼)
在地球唯独 你爱我这废人
(拽dei靠歪兜 内爱我结fai羊)
出错你都肯去忍
(戳错内都杭灰杨)
然而谁亦早知不会合衬
(因以水亦走基八微哈参)
偏偏你愿意等
(拼拼内运意当)
为何还喜欢我 我这种无赖
(外活玩黑服我 我结总某赖)
是话你蠢还是很伟大
(系瓦内岑玩系喊维带)
在座每位都将我踩 口碑有多坏
(拽做mui外都脏我踩 好悲摇多外)
但你亦永远不见怪
(但内亦wing云八gin怪)
何必跟我 我这种无赖
(活必刚我 我结总某赖)
活大半生还是很失败
(屋带bun桑玩系喊洒败)
但是你死都不变心 跟我拼命捱
(但系内sei都八宾桑 刚我瓶命奶)
换转别个 也不忍心
(wun君比过 呀八羊桑 )
还喜欢我 我这种无赖
(玩黑服我 我结总某赖)
是话你蠢还是很伟大
(系瓦内岑玩系喊维带)
在座每位都将我踩 口碑有多坏
(拽做mui外都脏我踩 好悲摇多外)
但你亦永远不见怪
(但内亦wing云八gin怪)
何必跟我 我这种无赖
(活必刚我 我结总某赖)
活大半生还是很失败
(屋带bun桑玩系喊洒败)
但是你死都不变心 跟我拼命捱
(但系内sei都八宾桑 刚我瓶命奶)
换转别个 也不忍心 偷偷作怪
(wun君比过 呀八羊桑 淘淘作怪)
教粤语发音?
声母
b波 p婆 m摸 f科 d多 t拖 n挪 l罗
1、b 发音时上下唇闭拢,闭住一口气,然后让较弱的气流突然冲出来,与普通话中b的发音相同,所管的字也大致与普通话的b相对应。我们还是看一些例子吧,(汉字后面是广州话拼音,上标表示声调,注意这是粤语的声调,不是普通话的声调。
点击可听到发音)。
班ban1 波bo1 杯bui1 把ba2 表biu2
2、p 发音时口形与b相同,但从双唇冲出的气流较强(语言学上所谓不送气与送气之分),与普通话中p的发音相同,所管的字也大致与普通话的p相对应。
例
怕pa3 破po3 皮péi4 平ping4 排pai4
3、m 发音时先将嘴唇闭拢,声带振动,让气流从鼻孔出来,然后滑向韵母,与普通话发音相同,所管的字也大致与普通话的m相对应。例:
摩mo1 妈ma1 埋mai4 问men6 名ming4
4、f 发音时下嘴唇紧贴上门齿,让气流从唇齿间挤出来,与普通话发音相同,所管的字也与普通话的f、k、h相对应。
例:
花fa1 分fen1 快fai3 火fo2 风fung1
5、d 发音时舌尖顶住牙床,然后让较弱的气流突然冲出,与普通话发音相同,所管的字也大致与普通话的d相对应。例:
大dai6 地déi6 丁ding1 多do1 当dong1
6、t 发音时口形与d相同,但冲出的气流较强,与普通话发音相同,所管的字也大致与普通话的t相对应。
例
条tiu4 他ta1 拖to1 土tou2 叹tan3
7、n 发音时舌尖顶住上牙床,声带振动,让气流从鼻孔出来,然后滑向韵母,与普通话发音相同,所管的字也大致与普通话的n相对应。例:
你néi2 难nan4 努nou5 暖nün5 懦no6
注意:n在广州话中通常与l相混,把声母为n的都念为l如“你”念成“里”,“难”念成“兰”。
这是一种“懒音”现象。
8、l 发音时舌尖顶住上牙床,声带振动,让气流从舌边流出,与普通话发音相同,所管的字也大致与普通话的l相对应,如上述,普通话读n的字在广州话中也可以读l。例:
烂lan6 了liu5 老lou5 龙lung4 乱lün6
g哥 k卡 gu姑 ku箍 ng我 h何
1、g 发音时先让舌跟顶住上腭后部,然后让较弱的气流突然冲出来,与普通话发音相同,与所管的字普通话g、j部分对应。
例:
哥go1 跟gen1 工gung1 家ga1 经ging1
2、k 发音口形与g相同,只是冲出的气流较强,与普通话发音相同,所管的字与普通话的k、q、j部分对应。例:
抗kong3 卡ka1 其kéi4 倾king1 距kêu5
3、gu 发音时舌位与g相同,只是嘴唇圆拢,很像普通话的音节gu,但在粤语中它是作为声母使用,所管字与普通话声母为g、介韵为u的字对应。
例:
关guan1 广guong2 瓜gua1 贵guei3 怪guai3
4、ku 发音时舌位时k相同,只是嘴唇圆拢,很像普通话的音节ku,但在粤语中它是作为声母使用,所管字与普通话声母和k、介韵为u的字对应。
例:
跨kua1 困kuen3 群kuen4 亏kuei1 旷kuong3
5、ng 发音时舌跟顶住上腭后部,即与发g时将同,但舌头保持不动,让气流从鼻腔流出,然后滑向韵母。普通话中没有这个声母,但有以这个音为韵尾的韵母,其实它们舌位是相同的,发普通话韵母ang时,到最后ng那个鼻音就是这个音,只不过在粤语中这个可以作声母,后面再与韵母相拼,大家要细心体会。
ng所管的字与普通话“零声母”对应,零声母指没有声母。y、w开头的音节也算是“零声母”,部分与ng对应。例:
安ngon1 牛ngeo4 暗ngem3 我ngo5 瓦nga5
注意:粤语中也有“零声母”,而且,粤语中零声母与声母ng有相混的现象(几个语气助词,如啊、哦,唉等除外),ng声母的字经常被读成零声母字,如安on1 我o5,读零声母的趋势在年轻人特别是香港的年轻人中尤为明显,这也是一种懒音现象。
6、h 发音时口微张开,舌跟放松稍向后,作呵气的样子,让气流从口中呼出。这个音与普通话中的h很相似,但又不相同,区别在于粤语的h不必像普通话那样舌跟顶住后腭产生摩擦,发音时尽量放松,与英语中的h相同。h所管的字与普通话h、x部分对应。
例:
哈ha1 海hoi2 汉hon3 希héi1 香hêng1
j知 q雌 x思 z左 c初 s梳
这里有两组声母,即j、q、x和z、c、x,其实只能说是一组,因为j、q、x和z、c、x的发音是完全相同的,不像普通话那样有分别。
但为什么还要设立两组声母呢?为的是使拼式尽量与普通话接近,便于学习。其中j、q、x与i、ü开头的韵母相平,而z、c、x,则与其他的韵母相拼。至于这组声母的发音,还是由我详细为大家解释。
1、z(j) 发音时舌尖靠齿背,靠近舌尖的舌面向上牙床和硬腭前部靠拢,然后稍微离开,让较弱的气流挤出产生摩擦。
这个音既不是普通话的z也不是普通话的j,而是介于两者之间,即舌头比z又要后一点,比j要前一点。z(j)管字大致与普通话的z、zh、j对应。例:
在zoi6 早zou2 之ji1 站zam6 箭jin3
c(q) 发音时舌位与z(j)相同,但冲出的气流较强,形成“送气音”,像z(j)一样,c(q)是介于普通话话c与q之间的一个音。
c(q)管字大致与普通话c、ch、q对应。例:
次qi3 错co3 长cêng4 车cé1 情qing4
s(x) 发音时舌尖及靠近舌尖的舌面向上牙床和硬腭前部靠近,之间形成一道窄缝,让气流从中挤出。
s(x)是介于普通话s和x之间的一个音。s(x)管字大致与普通话s、sh、x对应。例:
三sam1 四séi3 沙sa1 山san1 先xin1
j、q、x和z、c、x是发音完全一样的,不是两组声母。
如果你觉得准确把握它们的发音可以较难,那么你不妨就把他们读作普通话的z、c、s吧,其实差别不大,只是听起来好像“尖”了一点,慢慢体会吧,“欲速则不达”。
y也 w华
y 发音时舌面中前部尽量向硬腭抬起,声带振动,气流呼出时产生较轻的磨擦。
这个音很像普通话中的y,但磨擦稍强。y在普通话中只是i的变体,不是声母,而在粤语中y是一个声母。y管字与普通话y开头的字对应。例:
衣yi1 圆yun4 人yen4 又yeo6 要yiu3
w 发音时双唇圆拢,舌根高提,靠近软腭,气流呼出时产生轻微的磨擦。
像y一样,w在粤语中是作为声母,而在普通话w中只是作为u的变体,w的发音也与普通话中的w向相似,只是嘴唇收拢较紧,磨擦稍强。w管字与普通话w开头及读音为yun的字对应。例:
乌wu1 弯wan1 王wong4 为wei4 云wen4
韵母
a呀 o柯 u乌 i衣 ū于 ê(靴) é诶
a 发音时嘴张大,舌头位置放得很低,嘴唇呈自然状态,不圆,让气流呼出。
比普通话a张口稍大。管字与普通话a、ia、ua对应。例:
花fa1 他ta1 家ga1 华wa4 马ma5
o 发音时舌头略向后缩,嘴唇拢圆,让气流呼出。比普通话o张口更大。管字与普通话o、uo、e对应。
例:
播bo3 火fo2 多do1 贺ho6 和wo4
u 发音时舌头向后缩,舌后部抬高,接近软腭,双唇尽量拢成圆形,向前突出,中间只留一个小孔让气流呼出。与普通话的u大体相同。管字对应于普通话u的部分字。
例:
姑gu1 古gu2 夫fu1 富fu3 苦fu2
i 发音时舌尖抬高,逼近齿背,舌面前部抬高,接近软腭,嘴唇不圆,与普通话i大体相同。管字与普通话i部分字给er对应。例:
诗xi1 丝xi1 知ji1 痴qi1 儿yi4
ü 发音舌位与i相同,只是嘴唇像u一样圆拢,与普通话ü大体相同。
管字与普通话zh、ch、sh、r双拼的u及音节yu。ü与相拼j、q、x、y时省略两点。例:
住ju6 处qu5 鼠xu2 如yu4 遇yu6
ê 发音时舌位与é相同,张口比é稍大,嘴唇圆拢,让气流呼出。
这个音普通话中没有,对北方人来说有点难度,发音关键之处是圆唇。ê管字很少,普通话的üe、uo部分对应。例:
靴hê1 朵dê2
é 发音时口微张,舌尖下垂至下齿背,舌面前面向硬腭前部抬起,嘴唇不圆,让气流呼出。
与普通话的ê(唉,ie的韵腹或ei的韵头)相同。管字与普通话的ie,e部分对应。例:
夜yé6 谢zé6 写sé2 车cé1 社sé5
ai挨 ei矮 oi哀 ui会 iu妖 éi(非)
ai 发音时先发前音a,然后滑向后音i。
与普通话中ai发音相近,但其中a比普通话ai中的a张口稍大,口音i张口也较大。管字与普通话ai部分对应。例:
摆bai2 排pai4 猜cai1 怀wai4 快fai3
ei 发音时先发前音e,然后滑向后音i。
ei不是普通话中的ei,普通话中没有这个音,e与普通话中的e发音不同,e发音有点像a,但张口比a小,舌头靠后,发音也比a短。管字主要与普通话i对应。例:
丽lei6 米mei5 制zei3 世sei3 系hei6
oi 发音时先发前音o,然后滑向后音i。
oi这个音虽然在普通话中没有,但它构成的音素短简单,因此应该不难掌握,与英语boy中后面的音相同。管字与普通话ai部分对应。例:
代doi6 该goi1 来loi4 菜coi3 台toi4
ui 发音时先发前音u,然后滑向后音i。
粤语ui与普通话ui不同,普通话ui是uei的简写,不是真正的u i,粤语才是真正的ui,注意分辩。管字与普通话ei、ui部分对应。例:
每mui5 杯bui1 培pui4 灰fui1 回wui4
iu 发音时先发前音i,然后滑向后音u。
这个音与普通话中的iu有点相似,但又不相同,普通话中的iu是iou的简写(但在一些音节,如xiu、jiu中o的发音很微弱),因此发粤语的iu要注意中间不要带这个o音。管字与普通话ao、iao部分对应。例:
超qiu1 少xiu3 照jiu3 表biu2 鸟niu5
éi 发音时先发前音é,然后滑向后音i。
éi发音与普通话中ei大体相同。管字主要与普通话i和ei对应。例:
记géi3 起héi2 四séi3 美méi5 非féi1
ao拗 eo欧 ou奥 êu(去)
ao 发音时先发前音a,然后滑向后音u。
ao的前音a比普通话a张口稍大,后音其实不是o(设计方案时为了避免au与an手写体混淆,故作ao)也不纯粹是u,而是比u张口大一点的一个元音国际音标作大写的〔U]。总的说来,这个音与普通话ao发音相近,只要发音时张口稍大一点就可以了。管钟肫胀ɑ瘾o、iao部分对应。
例:
搞gao2 考hao2 包bao1 交gao1 校hao6
eo 发音时先发前音e,然后滑向后音u,e如前一课所述,它不是普通话中的e,而是一个张口较小、发音较短的a音,后音不是o而是u(设计成eo同样是为了避免手写时与en混淆),这个u张口比ao中的u要小,比较接近纯粹的u音。
普通话中没有eo这个音,它听起来像是介于ao与ou的音。管住大致对应普通话ou、iu及u的少数字。例:
后heo6 够geo3 又yeo6 九geo2 浮feo4
ou 发音时先发前音o,然后滑向后音u。
这个音与普通话中的ou大体相同。管字与普通话ao、u部分对应。例:到dou3 号hou6 高gou1 度dou6 数sou3
êu 发音时先发前ê,然后滑向后音ü。后音其实是ü而不是u(设计成êu是为了减少附加符号),普通话中没有这个韵母,发好这个音关键是发好ê这个音。
管字与普通话ü部分对应。例:虚hêu1 去hêu3 吕lêu5 追zêu1 居gêu1
an晏 en(恩) on安 un碗 in烟 ūn冤 ên(春)
an 发音时先发前音a,然后滑向鼻音n。这个音和普通话中的an筇逑嗤?9茏钟肫胀ɑ瘾n、ian、uan部分对应。
例:办ban6 产can2 间gan1 限han6 还wan4
en 发音时先发前音e,然后滑向鼻音n。和前边和带e韵母一样,这个e不是普通话的e,它是张口较少,发音较短的a音,它的张口又要比普通话的e大,舌头靠前一点,粤语en这个音听起来像介于普通话an和en之间。
管字与普通话en、in、ün部分对应。例:奔ben1 粉fen2 因yen1 斤gen1 军guen1
on 发音时先发前音o,然后滑向鼻音n。普通话中虽然没有这个音,但它构成很简单,应该不难掌握,和英语John后面的音大体相同。
管字与普通话an部分对应。
按on3 罕hon2 干gon1 汉hon3 寒hon4
un 发音时先发前音u,然后滑向鼻音n。这个音与普通话un不同,普通话un是uen的简写,中间有一个e音,发粤语的un时,注意中间不要带e音,发完u后迅速转向鼻音n。
管字与普通话an、uan、en部分对应。例:
半bun3 满mun5 欢fun1 官gun1 本bun2
in 发音时先发前音i,然后滑向鼻音n。in的与普通话的in大体相同。管字与普通话ian部分对应。
例:边bin1 浅qin2 电din6 见gin3 年nin4
ün 发音时先发前音ü,然后滑向鼻音n。这个音与普通话的ün大体相同。管字与普通话uan、üan、un部分对应。与相拼j、q、x、y时ü上两点省略例:船xun4 乱lün6 娟gün1 原yun4 村qun1
ên 发音时先发前ê,然后滑向鼻音n。
管字与普通话un、ün、in部分对应。例:春cên1 唇sên4 俊zên3 迅sên3 进zên3
ang(横) eng莺 ong(康) ung瓮 ing英 êng(香) éng(镜)
ang 发音时先发前音a,然后滑向后鼻音ng。
这个音与普通话的ang发音大体相同,只是a张口稍大。这个韵母管字不多,与普通话eng部分对应,猛mang2 孟mang6 冷lang5 鹏pang4 横wang4
eng 发音时先发前音e,然后滑向后鼻音ng。这个韵母与普通话eng不同,前边已经说过多次,粤语中的e不同于普通话的e,它是张口较小,发音较短的a音,但比普通话e张口要大,因此eng像是介于普通话ang和eng之间。
管字与普通话eng、ing部分对应。例:层ceng4 能neng4 赠zeng6 凭peng4 幸heng6
ong 发音时先发前音o,然后滑向后鼻音ng。粤语的ong与普通话的ong完全不同,与普通话ong对应的是ung,不过如果你学习过英语的话,我想你不会对这个音感到陌生,英语中long后边的音就是ong。
ong管字与普通话ang、iang、uang部分对应。例:刚gong1 当dong1 江gong1 降gong3 黄wong4
4、ung 发音时先发前u,然后滑向后鼻音ng。ung与普通话ong发音接近,只是ung张口稍大。
管字与普通话ong及eng部分对应。例:东dung1 红hung4 龙lung4 风fung1 碰pung3
5、ing 发音时先发前音i,然后滑向后鼻音ng。ing中的i比单韵母i张口稍大,因此ing发音不同于普通话的ing,像是介于普通话ing、eng之间的音。
管字大致与普通话ing、eng对应。例:英ying1 兴hing1 经ging1 称qing1 成xing4
6、êng 发音时先发前音ê,然后滑向后鼻音ng。ê这个音已经出现了可几次,应该不陌生了,êng中的ê和其他复合韵母一样。
êng管字与普通话ang、iang部分对应。例:常sêng4 长cêng4 张zêng1 两lêng5 娘nêng4
éng 发音时先发前音é,然后滑向后鼻音ng。éng这个韵母管字很少,主要是少数字的口语读音,与普通话ing部分对应。
例:病béng6 请céng2 镜géng3 饼béng2 井zéng2 am(监) em庵 im淹
am 发音时先发前音a然后滑向双唇鼻音m。这组韵母的难点就在于双唇鼻音m这个韵尾,因为普通话中并没有这个韵尾,关键是发音到最后要把嘴闭起来。
管字与普通话an、ian部分,担dam1 男nam4 蓝lam4 咸ham4 减gam2
em 发音时先发前音e,然后滑向双唇鼻音m。e这个音前边已经讲述多次,不必再说了,要发好这个音,关键还是发音到最后要闭嘴。管字与普通话in、en、an部分对应。
例:心sem1 金gem1 深sem1 怎zem2 敢gem2
im 发音时先发前音i,然后滑向双唇鼻音m。这个韵母听起来有点像in不同的地方就在于发音到最后双唇闭合。管字与普通话an、ian部分对应。例:占jim3 染yim5 兼gim1 点dim2 甜tim4
在古代汉语中是存在m韵尾的,但再现在北方话中,m韵尾已经归并到n中,因此,学习广东话不但掌握这些韵母较难,而且要分辨哪些字是n韵尾,哪些字是m韵尾更难,所以大家要多看多记。
ad押 ed(不) od(渴) ud活 id热 üd月 êd(律)
以b、d、g三个辅音字母结尾的韵母在语言学上称为“促声韵”。促声韵在现代北方话中已经消失。
ad 发音时先发前音a,然后舌尖顶住牙床,堵塞气流,即作将发状,但之后舌头不离开牙床,不爆破。
管字与普通话a、ia、ua部分对应。例:八bad3 发fad3 杀sad3 压ngad3 滑wad6
ed 发音时先发前音e,然后舌尖顶住牙床,堵塞气流,即作将发d状,但之后舌头不离开牙床,不爆破。ed听起来有点像ad,但比ad张口小而且发音较短。
管字与普通话a、üe、i、u部分对应。例:拔bed6 罚fed6 掘gued6 一yed1 不bed1
od 发音时先发前音o,然后舌尖顶住牙床,堵塞气流,即作将发d状,但之后舌头不离开牙床,不爆破。od管字极少,与普通话e部分对应。
例:葛god3 喝hod3 渴hod3 割god3
ud 发音时先发前音u,然后舌尖顶住牙床,堵塞气流,即作将发d状,但之后舌头不离开牙床,不爆破。管字与普通话o、uo部分字对应,例:拨bud6 没mud6 沫mud6 活wud6 阔fud3
id 发音时先发前音i,然后舌尖顶住牙床,堵塞气流,即作将发d状,但之后舌头不离开牙床,不爆破。
管字与普通话e、ie部分对应。例:热yid6 舌xid3 设qid3 别bid6 洁gid3
üd 发音时先发前音ü,然后舌尖顶住牙床,堵塞气流,即作将发d状,但之后舌头不离开牙床,不爆破。管字与普通话uo、üe部分对应。
在与j、q、x、y相拼时上ü两点省略。例:说xud3 夺düd3 脱tüd3 月yud6 决küd3
êd 发音时先发前音ê,然后舌尖顶住牙床,堵塞气流,即作将发d状,但之后舌头不离开牙床,不爆破。其中ê比单韵母ê张口稍大。
管字与普通话ü、uai、i部分对应。例:律lêd6 率sêd1 恤sêd1 摔sêd1 栗lêd6
ag(客) eg(德) og恶 ug屋 ig益 êg(约) ég(尺)
ag 发音时先发前音a,然后用舌间跟顶住上腭后部,堵塞气流,即作发g状,但之后舌跟不离开上腭,不爆破。
管字与普通话a、ua、o、uo、e、i、ai部分对应,例:帕pag3 划wag6 伯bag3 或wag6 册cag3
eg 发音时先发前音e,然后用舌间跟顶住上腭后部,堵塞气流,即作发g状,但之后舌跟不离开上腭,不爆破。eg发音与ag相似,但张口较小,发音较短。
管字与普通话o、e、ai、ei部分对应。例:墨meg6 得deg1 麦meg6 北beg1 黑heg1
og 发音时先发前音o,然后用舌间跟顶住上腭后部,堵塞气流,即作发g状,但之后舌跟不离开上腭,不爆破。管字与普通话o、e、üe、u、ao部分对应。
例:薄bog6 各gog3 角gog3 扑pog3 剥mog1
ug 发音时先发前音u,然后用舌间跟顶住上腭后部,堵塞气流,即作发g状,但之后舌跟不离开上腭,不爆破。管字与普通话u、ü、ou、iu部分对应。例:毒dug6 福fug1 绿lug6 肉yug6 六lug6
ig 发音时先发前音i,然后用舌间跟顶住上腭后部,堵塞气流,即作发g状,但之后舌跟不离开上腭,不爆破。
其中i的发音比单韵母i张口稍大。管字与普通话e、i、ü部分对应。例:的dig1 色xig1 亿yig1 激gig1 域wig6
êg 发音时先发前音ê,然后用舌间跟顶住上腭后部,堵塞气流,即作发g状,但之后舌跟不离开上腭,不爆破。
管字与普通话uo、üe、iao部分对应。例:若yêg6 桌zêg3 却kêg3 约yêg3 脚gêg3
ég 发音时先发前音é,然后用舌间跟顶住上腭后部,堵塞气流,即作发g状,但之后舌跟不离开上腭,不爆破。管字与普通话i部分对应。
例:只zég3 石ség6 吃hég3 笛dég6 脊zég3 ab鸭 eb(急) ib叶
ab 发音时先发前音a,然后双唇闭合,堵塞气流,作发b状,但之后不爆破。管字与普通话a、ia部分对应。例:插cab3 答dab3 腊lab3 甲gab3 鸭ngab3
eb 发音时先发前音e,然后双唇闭合,堵塞气流,作发b状,但之后不爆破。
eb发音与ab相近,但张口比ab小,发音较短。管字与普通话e、i部分对应。例:合heb6 汁zeb1 湿seb1 急geb1 给keb1
ib 发音时先发前音i,然后双唇闭合,堵塞气流,作发b状,但之后不爆破。管字与普通话e、ie部分对应。
例:摄xib3 接jib3 劫gib3 协hib6 业yib6 m唔 ng五,这是两个很特殊的韵母,称为自成音节鼻音韵母。
m 发音时双唇闭合,让气流从鼻腔呼出。这是一个自成音节的鼻音韵母,不再与其他声母相拼。在粤语中m这个音节只有一个字“唔”(不),但它非常常用。
唔m4
ng 发音时舌跟顶住上腭后部,让气流从鼻腔呼出。ng也是一个自成音节的鼻音韵母,不再与其他声母双拼。在粤语中ng这个音节的字很少,与普通话音节wu部分对应。例:误ng6 午ng5 吴ng4 五ng5 伍ng5 ai3曱zai2(蟑螂)乸(母,如母猪:猪乸)。
如何学编程?
编程是编定程序的中文简称,就是让计算机代码解决某个问题,对某个计算体系规定一定的运算方式,使计算体系按照该计算方式运行,并最终得到相应结果的过程。编程能提高逻辑思维能力,加强计算能力。
编程语言
Python
Python是一种面向对象有着代码简洁、可读性强特点的解释型计算机程序设计语言。代码简洁是因为它把许多的复杂的操作封装起来,将C语言中麻烦的指针和内存管理对开发者隐藏起来,使得在开发过程中,无须在意这部分的细节。另外Python这门语言强制用户用缩进进行排版,若不好好排版,则代码编译无法通过,或者运行过程会出现错误。
C语言
C语言是一门面向过程的、抽象化的广泛应用于底层开发的通用程序设计语言,能以简易的方式编译和处理低级存储器。C语言既具有高级语言的特点,又具有汇编语言的特点,是仅产生少量机器语言以及不需要任何运行环境支持便能运行的高效率程序设计语言。
是有简洁的语言、具有结构化的控制语句、丰富的数据类型、丰富的运算符、可对物理地址进行直接操作、代码具有较好的可移植性、可生成高质量、目标代码执行效率高的程序。
Java
Java通过面向作为静态对象的编程语言的代表,可以充分的实现面向的对象理论的编程语言,有简单性、功能强大、分布式、健壮性、安全性、平台独立与可移植性、多线程及动态性的特点。
Java支持在网络上应用,Java既支持各种层次的网络连接,又以Socket类支持可靠的流(stream)网络连接,它是分布式语言。所以用户可以产生分布式的客户机和服务器。网络变成软件应用的分布运载工具。Java程序只要编写一次,就可到处运行。
PHP
PHP是一种被广泛应用的开放源代码的多用途脚本语言,它可嵌入到 HTML中,尤其适合 web 开发。
使用 PHP 的最大的好处是它对于初学者来说极其简单,同时也给专业的程序员提供了各种高级的特性,只需几个小时就可以自己写一些简单的脚本。尽管 PHP 的开发是以服务端脚本为目的,但事实上其功能远不局限于此。
GO
Go语言(又称 Golang)是一种静态强类型、编译型语言,是一个开源编程环境,可以轻松构建简单、可靠和高效的软件。Go 语言语法与 C 相近,但功能上有:内存安全,GC(垃圾回收),结构形态及 CSP-style 并发计算。Go 内嵌了关联数组(也称为哈希表(Hashes)或字典(Dictionaries)),就像字符串类型一样。
对比
python和c语言的区别主要体现在:语言类型、内存管理、速度、应用、运行、对象、声明、测试和调试难度、复杂度、学习程度。 测试和调试难度不同:Python相对其他语言而言是非常简单的语言,高度集成,代码量少。Python中的测试和调试更容易;C中测试和调试更难。 学习难度不同:Python:Python程序更易于学习,编写和阅读;C语言:C程序语法比Python更难。
python 跟 java 一样是强类型语言,也就是说它不会根据环境变化自动改变数据类型。python 是动态语言,而 java 是静态语言。也就是说 python 在编程时,永远不用给任何变量指定数据类型,而 java 写程序时必须声明所有变量的数据类型。
python 的模块类似于 java 的 class,不过python模块导入会执行 代码的内容,而 java 不会。python 与 java 的执行方式还是蛮像的,都是将源码编译成 byte code 然后交给相应的虚拟机去执行。
Python的框架数量较少,而PHP中成熟的框架比较多;PHP是面向web的语言,而Python是多用途语言,也可以用于web开发;Python使用非常严格的缩进强制执行,使它比PHP更具可读性。
学习思路
认识编程
编程语言(programming language)又称程序设计语言,是一组用特定语言编写的用于执行特定任务的指令。主要用于开发桌面应用、操作系统、网站、移动应用等。
低级编程语言
它基于二进制数 0 和 1 工作,处理器直接运行低级程序,不需要编译器或解释器,因此用低级语言编写的程序可以运行得非常快。
低级语言进一步分为两部分
机器语言
机器语言也称为机器代码或目标代码,更容易阅读,因为它通常以二进制或十六进制形式(基数 16)形式显示。
它不需要翻译器来转换程序,因为计算机直接理解机器语言程序。
汇编语言
汇编语言是为特定处理器设计的,它以象征性和人类可理解的形式表示一组指令。它使用汇编程序将汇编语言转换为机器语言。
中级编程语言
中级编程语言介于低级编程语言和高级编程语言之间。
它也被称为中间程序语言和伪语言。
中级编程语言的优点是支持高级编程的特性,是一种用户友好的语言,与机器语言和人类语言密切相关。
例如:C、C++
高级编程语言
高级编程语言 (HLL) 旨在开发用户友好的软件程序和网站。
这种编程语言需要编译器或解释器将程序翻译成机器语言(执行程序)。
示例:Python、Java、JavaScript、PHP、C#、C++ 等。
编程实践
学习编程语言的过程简单描述为:过、抄、仿、改、调、看、练、创、悟。
过
基础知识点不求深解,语言什么样的,适用场合、基本语法格式
抄代码
从书上抄、例子中抄、边抄边想边想边回忆语法
模仿改
仿照给出的代码写出自己的代码
勤调试
不断调试验证自己想法,继续思考,再次验证。熟悉调试工具调试方法
看n遍
出错或者遇到问题时,将代码从头到尾看n遍直到快记住,找出问题原因
练
2-5步三遍以上
创新
拿出一个没有写过的根据要求,一步一步写出来,写不出来参考6
悟
主动找到写代码的感觉和成就感,保持下去。
选择大于努力,只有切入一个适合自己的开发方向,才能持续进步。关于开发方向,我有以下两个选择标准。
兴趣
学习编程是一个非常枯燥的过程,内容多,时间长,成本高,即使报名了培训班也学不会,所以,我们首先要选择自己感兴趣的一个开发方向,这样不但能快速学习,以后还能持续进步。学习编程的过程是比较艰苦的,没有兴趣很难硬抗下来,此处的兴趣,是指别人无法撼动的热爱,是工作之余让你放松的事情。如果你只是有过某种想法,别人告诉你这个想法不靠谱,你就放弃了,这顶多是一时的鸡血。
学习方式
费曼学习法
在学完一个东西之后去给别人讲明白,注意是讲给别人听,当你写成文章发表在网上的时候,你自然会去用更通俗的语言,更清晰的逻辑去讲述这个事物背后的逻辑。这个过程是对自己学习的一个检验,也是加深映像整理思路的重要过程。
那么如果你是去记笔记的话,很有可能你会倾向于去照抄,或是不完全照抄,以“提纲”或是“知识点”的形式抄在本子上。说句实话,照抄的笔记真的没用,因为现在搜索引擎的能力已经可以让你把大多数东西快速找到,你为什么还要照抄到笔记本上呢?
从功利的角度考虑,技术文章的写作,别人可以直接访问,也可以逐渐累积你的影响力,一个好的个人技术博客,会给你的简历加分很多,而一个厚厚的笔记本,没有人会管你记了什么。
做好笔记
大多数人没有过目不忘的神技,学了也不一定马上掌握,需要过后花时间慢慢领悟,而且还有忘掉的风险,所以对于重要的知识点都要做好笔记。编程的过程中总会遇到各种各样的问题,比如编程环境的配置,常用的快捷键,编程过程中的错误、异常,软件更新问题等等。面对这些问题都是如何解决的,一定要记录下来,一是增加自己解决问题的经验,而是以防下次出现。
多看官方文档
外文资料互联网是一个更新迭代很快的行业,所有编程语言都会不断的更新新功能和修复旧Bug,网上查的资料很有可能是旧的解决方案,现在已经不适用了。所以最好最快的方法就是查看官方文档。
进入行业圈子
只有进入行业圈子与其他人交流,你才了解最新的行业动态,才知道自己需要更新哪些技能。
动手做项目
学习编程的最终目的就是用所学的做出具有一定功能的项目,而做项目又是最好的学习和巩固知识的方式。如果前期能力不足就先做一些简单的功能模块,一步一步慢慢来,不要一开始就要实现各种酷炫炸天功能,遇到不会的就在网上查, 现在互联网这么发达,获取资源也及其方便。而且开发前也最好在网上查一下有没有已经成型的框架或模板,什么都自己做一是很耗费时间,二是自己技术能力不足还可能留下不少坑。
学习Python
安装编程环境
第一步:访问Python官网,获取最新安装程序。
第二步:运行下载的安装程序,注意勾选“Add Python3.7 to PATH”,然后选择个性化安装,即“Customize installation”。
第三步:确保“pip”被勾选上,之后安装各种库需要用到pip。
第四步:高级选项,需要的可以修改安装目录,通常没有需要修改的,直接点“Install”。
第五步:等待程序自动安装完成。
第六步:出现如下界面,说明安装已完成。
第七步:验证方法,Windows+R 键打开“运行”窗口,输入cmd运行,进入命令提示窗口,再输入python,进入Python的命令模式,输入 print("Hello"),结果输出了 Hello,如下图所示,确定开发环境已安装完成。
运行环境
Hello World!
命令行
在Linux命令行输入:$python
将直接进入python。然后在命令行提示符>>>后面输入:>>>print('Hello World!')
可以看到,随后在屏幕上输出:
Hello World!
print是一个常用函数,其功能就是输出括号中得字符串。
(在Python 2.x中,print还可以是一个关键字,可写成print 'Hello World!',但这在3.x中行不通 )
小程序
另一个使用Python的方法,是写一个Python程序。用文本编辑器写一个.py结尾的文件,比如说hello.py
在hello.py中写入如下,并保存:print('Hello World!')
退出文本编辑器,然后在命令行输入:$python hello.py
来运行hello.py。可以看到Python随后输出Hello World!
脚本
我们还可以把Python程序hello.py改成一个可执行的脚本,直接执行:#!/usr/bin/env python
print('Hello World!')
需要修改上面程序的权限为可执行:chmod 755 hello.py
然后再命令行中,输入./hello.py
就可以直接运行了。
基本数据类型
变量不声明
Python的变量不需要声明,你可以直接输入:>>>a = 10
那么你的内存里就有了一个变量a, 它的值是10,它的类型是integer (整数)。 在此之前你不需要做什么特别的声明,而数据类型是Python自动决定的。
>>>print(a)
>>>print(type(a))
那么会有如下输出:
10
这里,我们学到一个内置函数type(),用以查询变量的类型。
回收变量名
如果你想让a存储不同的数据,你不需要删除原有变量就可以直接赋值。
>>>a = 1.3
>>>print(a,type(a))
会有如下输出
1.3
序列
sequence(序列)是一组有顺序的元素的集合,(严格的说,是对象的集合,但鉴于我们还没有引入“对象”概念,暂时说元素)序列可以包含一个或多个元素,也可以没有任何元素。
我们之前所说的基本数据类型,都可以作为序列的元素。元素还可以是另一个序列,以及我们以后要介绍的其他对象。
序列有两种:tuple(定值表; 也有翻译为元组) 和 list (表)
>>>s1 = (2, 1.3, 'love', 5.6, 9, 12, False) # s1是一个tuple
>>>s2 = [True, 5, 'smile'] # s2是一个list
>>>print(s1,type(s1))
>>>print(s2,type(s2))
tuple和list的主要区别在于,一旦建立,tuple的各个元素不可再变更,而list的各个元素可以再变更。
一个序列作为另一个序列的元素
>>>s3 = [1,[3,4,5]]
空序列
>>>s4 = []
自学
网站
菜鸟网站
这个python教程很适合小白学习,没有高深的原理,照着教程学就完事了。
菜鸟教程是一个提供免费编程学习的网站,里面不但能学到编程知识,还能运用在线编程工具,使你在学习的过程中得到发挥,实践得真理,边学边做中让基础打得更稳,让自己的知识更加稳固。在自己有不明白不理解的地方可以在网站的用户笔记中寻找大佬们的笔记,把自己所学和技术大佬的经验所融合,使自己更好地提升自己的能力。
菜鸟教程内容丰富,例如前端热门语言HTML5、CSS3、JavaScript、Vue等它该有的都有,都会从最基础的开始教,让刚学编程的小白由浅及深,一看就懂。每个知识点都有实例可以动手,直接在页面内做你想要的效果真的非常棒。菜鸟的排版简洁清晰有序,内容一针见血,让你一看就能明白其知识点的含义。
菜鸟教程不仅前端教程语言丰富,后端的Java、PHP、Python更是一应俱全,当然数据库、移动端、XML、ASP.NET、Web Service、开发工具和网站建设也是应有尽有,菜鸟教程有学到的知识如此之多,奋斗吧少年。
廖雪峰的官方网站
廖雪峰的官方网站比较推荐新手程序员学习前端,这个网站的教学视频的讲解相对来说会比较生动,没有其他教程那么死板,看起来也不至于那么犯困,也更便于新手去理解。总的来说,廖雪峰的官方网站作为一款启蒙类的前端学习网站还是相当不错的。
Python官方教程
这是Python官方出品的教程,可搭配Python标准库一起学。
书籍
《Python编程从入门到实践(第2版)》
作者:埃里克·马瑟斯 (EricMatthes)袁国忠 译
ISBN:9787115546081
出版:人民邮电出版社
本书是针对所有层次Python读者而作的Python门书。全书分两部分:部分介绍用Python编程所必须了解的基本概念,包括强大的Python库和工具,以及列表、字典、if语句、类、文件与异常、代码测试等内容;第二部分将理论付诸实践,讲解如何发三个项目,包括简单的2D游戏、利用数据生成交互式的信息图以及创建和定制简单的Web应用,并帮助读者解决常见编程问题和困惑。
《像计算机科学家一样学Python》
ISBN:9787115425515
作者:艾伦 B. 唐尼(Allen B. Downey)
出版:人民邮电出版社
本书以培养读者以计算机科学家一样的思维方式来理解Python语言编程。贯穿全书的主体是如何思考、设计、发的方法,而具体的编程语言,只是提供了一个具体场景方便介绍的媒介。全书共21章,详细介绍Python语言编程的方方面面。本书从基本的编程概念始讲起,包括语言的语法和语义,而且每个编程概念都有清晰的定义,引领读者循序渐地学习变量、表达式、语句、函数和数据结构。书中还探讨了如何处理文件和数据库,如何理解对象、方法和面向对象编程,如何使用调试技巧来修正语法错误、运行时错误和语义错误。
《计算机科学丛书:Java编程思想》
ISBN:9787111213826
作者:[美] Bruce Eckel
出版:机械工业出版社
本书的作者拥有多年教学经验,对C、C++以及Java语言都有独到、深入的见解,以通俗易懂及小而直接的示例解释了一个个晦涩抽象的概念。本书共22章,包括操作符、控制执行流程、访问权限控制、复用类、多态、接口、通过异常处理错误、字符串、泛型、数组、容器深入研究、JavaI/O系统、枚举类型、并发以及图形化用户界面等内容。这些丰富的内容,包含了Java语言基础语法以及高级特性,适合各个层次的Java程序员阅读,同时也是高等院校讲授面向对象程序设计语言以及Java语言的好教材和参考书。
《疯狂Java讲义》
ISBN:9787121361586
作者:李刚
出版:电子工业出版社
《疯狂Java讲义(第4版)》深入介绍了Java编程的相关方面,《疯狂Java讲义(第4版)》内容覆盖了Java的基本语法结构、Java的面向对象特征、Java集合框架体系、Java泛型、异常处理、Java GUI编程、JDBC数据库编程、Java注释、Java的IO流体系、Java多线程编程、Java网络通信编程和Java反射机制。覆盖了java.lang、java.util、java.text、java.io和java.nio、java.sql、java.awt、javax.swing包下绝大部分类和接口。本书重点介绍了Java 9的模块化系统,还详细介绍了Java 9的jshell工具、多版本JAR包、匿名内部类的菱形语法、增强的try语句、私有接口方法,以及Java 9新增的各种API功能。
%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"编程是编定程序的中文简称,就是让计算机代码解决某个问题,对某个计算体系规定一定的运算方式,使计算体系按照该计算方式运行,并最终得到相应结果的过程","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"。编程能提高逻辑思维能力,加强计算能力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WceadiusyoyOwaxoNSsceBGjnVd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"编程语言","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Oqa2diWSioCqoexAhV7cd5qbnLd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"Python","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RYCIdicsYoyiUgx6drTcXYVMn4d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"Python是一种面向对象有着代码简洁、可读性强特点的解释型计算机程序设计语言。代码简洁是因为它把许多的复杂的操作封装起来,将C语言中麻烦的指针和内存管理对开发者隐藏起来,使得在开发过程中,无须在意这部分的细节。另外Python这门语言强制用户用缩进进行排版,若不好好排版,则代码编译无法通过,或者运行过程会出现错误。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SeiEdQ4GAoc8Koxm6Oucd3MonOb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":701,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"Python","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/aeaa7b58948c4124bd69b6417e51906a","width":1563},"text":"","id":"DSA6demiCo8YmgxGYDmcdbmenQf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"C语言","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RKKodkW2Wo0muoxaYdScS9gDnse"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"C语言是一门面向过程的、抽象化的广泛应用于底层开发的通用程序设计语言,能以简易的方式编译和处理低级存储器。C语言既具有高级语言的特点,又具有汇编语言的特点,是仅产生少量机器语言以及不需要任何运行环境支持便能运行的高效率程序设计语言。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WkgAdki6koYcsSxzF93csMeynCk"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"是有简洁的语言、具有结构化的控制语句、丰富的数据类型、丰富的运算符、可对物理地址进行直接操作、代码具有较好的可移植性、可生成高质量、目标代码执行效率高的程序。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FkCQdiCsmo40iqxg7ujcPBy9nHe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":806,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"C语言","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6f859719f77941aea4a29e7119f20a7f","width":1603},"text":"","id":"ME8ad6QuAoiWo2xe8zCc3gXrnog"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"Java","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FWK8d2GSUoMME2xUxHzc8kMYnQR"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"Java通过面向作为静态对象的编程语言的代表,可以充分的实现面向的对象理论的编程语言,有简单性、功能强大、分布式、健壮性、安全性、平台独立与可移植性、多线程及动态性的特点。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TeIod6souoE4EkxgjEfcOZkLnoc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"Java支持在网络上应用,Java既支持各种层次的网络连接,又以Socket类支持可靠的流(stream)网络连接,它是分布式语言。所以用户可以产生分布式的客户机和服务器。网络变成软件应用的分布运载工具。Java程序只要编写一次,就可到处运行。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Te4udsisCoK44gxMpuPcDy11nfd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":839,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"Java","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0e1656925be54be393b49dc2e2ac7b80","width":1893},"text":"","id":"SUW6d0aw2oskC4x2FMSc3WhNnRg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"PHP","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ic6kdo08aoY4GuxeY6Qc3Z8nnNe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"PHP是一种被广泛应用的开放源代码的多用途脚本语言,它可嵌入到 HTML中,尤其适合 web 开发。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IwQ8dKQCeoGAmixqM7BcXdgUnAd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"使用 PHP 的最大的好处是它对于初学者来说极其简单,同时也给专业的程序员提供了各种高级的特性,只需几个小时就可以自己写一些简单的脚本。尽管 PHP 的开发是以服务端脚本为目的,但事实上其功能远不局限于此。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DW0Odakc6ouW6Kxu6kPcdPF3nZd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":648,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"PHP","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/300a2e3c7e954e7b8def92163c3f3673","width":1828},"text":"","id":"Naq2duscgogQ2oxYjg2cosy1nEe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"GO","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CwWwdCYeAoMuMuxCiNpcqJKpnRg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"Go语言(又称 Golang)是一种静态强类型、编译型语言,是一个开源编程环境,可以轻松构建简单、可靠和高效的软件。Go 语言语法与 C 相近,但功能上有:内存安全,GC(垃圾回收),结构形态及 CSP-style 并发计算。Go 内嵌了关联数组(也称为哈希表(Hashes)或字典(Dictionaries)),就像字符串类型一样。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SIY6dO8ecoGoOOxmUVPcViIAnxb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":772,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"GO","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3a879bbdd4b64d2b9b54d3f7358e7ed3","width":1522},"text":"","id":"GuiUdc6UCoKUWGxaCogc2jcrnFe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"对比","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EGqmdKMsGogUeexukQ5cA2wTnQf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"python和c语言的区别主要体现在:语言类型、内存管理、速度、应用、运行、对象、声明、测试和调试难度、复杂度、学习程度。 测试和调试难度不同:Python相对其他语言而言是非常简单的语言,高度集成,代码量少。Python中的测试和调试更容易;C中测试和调试更难。 学习难度不同:Python:Python程序更易于学习,编写和阅读;C语言:C程序语法比Python更难。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HEyKduA4Iow6Kwx8ZiCcPQaVnHd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"python 跟 java 一样是强类型语言,也就是说它不会根据环境变化自动改变数据类型。python 是动态语言,而 java 是静态语言。也就是说 python 在编程时,永远不用给任何变量指定数据类型,而 java 写程序时必须声明所有变量的数据类型。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"I6yAdOUQqoQSIYxs7XVcPwlSnMe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"python 的模块类似于 java 的 class,不过python模块导入会执行 代码的内容,而 java 不会。python 与 java 的执行方式还是蛮像的,都是将源码编译成 byte code 然后交给相应的虚拟机去执行。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VmgOds4Ceoi0KoxGa8nc0GLDneb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"Python的框架数量较少,而PHP中成熟的框架比较多;PHP是面向web的语言,而Python是多用途语言,也可以用于web开发;Python使用非常严格的缩进强制执行,使它比PHP更具可读性。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MW22d02SsoU2oYxesy1cIEfsnYb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SA4kdwiSIoMW42xCGzDcMMyXnfe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"学习思路","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ECkydGqiIoEmKoxQzshckC4rncd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"认识编程","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IkSQdA02Ko64KKxoHAGc6cEwnIb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"编程语言(programming language)又称程序设计语言,是一组用特定语言编写的用于执行特定任务的指令。主要用于开发桌面应用、操作系统、网站、移动应用等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HM2udQ0giowuekxoV1kchShynhc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"低级编程语言","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CkEQdgiGooaKGaxesABch5T1nlh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"它基于二进制数 0 和 1 工作,处理器直接运行低级程序,不需要编译器或解释器,因此用低级语言编写的程序可以运行得非常快。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UgoMde6QIou8yAxambScEu1vnOb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"低级语言进一步分为两部分","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ASy6dMoGooWsKaxeCDAcTUajnde"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"机器语言","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Z8MKdYOOmoucO0xai2uc1TUKnTd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"机器语言也称为机器代码或目标代码,更容易阅读,因为它通常以二进制或十六进制形式(基数 16)形式显示。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RIgMdsykeoaykIxawjVcRE7HnXf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"它不需要翻译器来转换程序,因为计算机直接理解机器语言程序。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LMsSdcWGsooA00xgzJUcR80Inuf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":" 汇编语言","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Xi0gdKkgGo0oKYxE0vacrHAtngb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"汇编语言是为特定处理器设计的,它以象征性和人类可理解的形式表示一组指令。它使用汇编程序将汇编语言转换为机器语言。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GYOQdMKQuoGkoExyYdkcuU2anIf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"中级编程语言","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RGmIdsSwmoY8A2x89NUcdbWbnjg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中级编程语言介于低级编程语言和高级编程语言之间。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Q822d2sssoQQGYxAzK6c9GqFnbd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"它也被称为中间程序语言和伪语言。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BuG2d8s6AoiIWCxGQt1cGdbgneg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中级编程语言的优点是支持高级编程的特性,是一种用户友好的语言,与机器语言和人类语言密切相关。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FIg6dMMGaoYSu0xSyhpcKu46nPh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"例如:C、C++","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LK8sduKWaoa0oUxQXspcudVbnid"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"高级编程语言","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FaYsdG0KqoOGW6xa4u0c0UQVn9c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"高级编程语言 (HLL) 旨在开发用户友好的软件程序和网站。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Rsi4dE64WoykEkxzYAIcCNc8nbH"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这种编程语言需要编译器或解释器将程序翻译成机器语言(执行程序)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IOqmdGCEcoeC2wxXJElc68FsnvL"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"示例:Python、Java、JavaScript、PHP、C#、C++ 等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CgagdYoyyoQMCwxJ65zcUJF6ntC"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"编程实践","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KGCQdQuyyoIu8Cx8DxYcWwFGnXf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"学习编程语言的过程简单描述为:过、抄、仿、改、调、看、练、创、悟。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JUUOdqi2Ko6mSix0qMBcv94pnAb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"过","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HqSsduwsUoqSamxyGKWcWlLqnDd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"基础知识点不求深解,语言什么样的,适用场合、基本语法格式","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XO0mdIAcMoOisgxuAb6cTIvHn9I"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"抄代码","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZwqWdC2AioWsWGxNBikcRf0unBf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"从书上抄、例子中抄、边抄边想边想边回忆语法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XQWmdmoMcoQ82axuI6Lcjb6knDe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"模仿改","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WOc0dUWuAogWYAx8vZycJ1OYnfd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"仿照给出的代码写出自己的代码","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Iokkd0EewoMSMuxqCAKch8tRnZf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"勤调试","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CCIsd2secoIAiOxUXGhcQ55Mncc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"不断调试验证自己想法,继续思考,再次验证。熟悉调试工具调试方法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Sg8CdMOy8oMyysxC0jyc1mzunff"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"看n遍","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UW4Id0cOooa6EAxIro7c3bT5nle"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"出错或者遇到问题时,将代码从头到尾看n遍直到快记住,找出问题原因","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ROsUdMEyQoewGUxB0JWcntn7nh6"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"练","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ag2EdIGQQowSOOxRfD2cRMnOnNl"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2-5步三遍以上","id":""}],"text":"","id":"D8eod4eqmoEUcQx0XNVcgNE9n7Z"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"创新","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JqU2damiUoQm4CxUSSDcpg16nAn"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"拿出一个没有写过的根据要求,一步一步写出来,写不出来参考6","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DIeidUEkooIGGWxmAUQcWltanhh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"悟","id":""}],"text":"","id":"V4ikdSQY4oacQWxQ3RocOJTbnQc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"主动找到写代码的感觉和成就感,保持下去。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZOCqd80k8oi8GgxkFcUcGuxan6b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"选择大于努力,只有切入一个适合自己的开发方向,才能持续进步。关于开发方向,我有以下两个选择标准。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"R620d6Qwko6O4gxeS37cRQxjnwd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":" 兴趣","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WCkGd64Gwo6UcqxoV8Icg1G8nCf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"学习编程是一个非常枯燥的过程,内容多,时间长,成本高,即使报名了培训班也学不会,所以,我们首先要选择自己感兴趣的一个开发方向,这样不但能快速学习,以后还能持续进步。学习编程的过程是比较艰苦的,没有兴趣很难硬抗下来,此处的兴趣,是指别人无法撼动的热爱,是工作之余让你放松的事情。如果你只是有过某种想法,别人告诉你这个想法不靠谱,你就放弃了,这顶多是一时的鸡血。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BgqEdSkuMoqmqExFM9Dc7lBYnmk"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"学习方式","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FG6OdgEWAosIcexYLUecc900nLd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"费曼学习法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FOYAdYUk6oEk4gx7u0ycaoPsnEy"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在学完一个东西之后去给别人讲明白,注意是讲给别人听,当你写成文章发表在网上的时候,你自然会去用更通俗的语言,更清晰的逻辑去讲述这个事物背后的逻辑。这个过程是对自己学习的一个检验,也是加深映像整理思路的重要过程。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EyYWdScu2o0ca2xIRdgcR5k2nnd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"那么如果你是去记笔记的话,很有可能你会倾向于去照抄,或是不完全照抄,以“提纲”或是“知识点”的形式抄在本子上。说句实话,照抄的笔记真的没用,因为现在搜索引擎的能力已经可以让你把大多数东西快速找到,你为什么还要照抄到笔记本上呢?","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HSu4dusiqoIcCcxCOhTccQL5n3e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"从功利的角度考虑,技术文章的写作,别人可以直接访问,也可以逐渐累积你的影响力,一个好的个人技术博客,会给你的简历加分很多,而一个厚厚的笔记本,没有人会管你记了什么。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SOUSdQWIoo6OMYxIldZcuIU9nKh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"做好笔记","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SUoEdyCk0oOa2Ux2lGlcxcJKnXd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"大多数人没有过目不忘的神技,学了也不一定马上掌握,需要过后花时间慢慢领悟,而且还有忘掉的风险,所以对于重要的知识点都要做好笔记。编程的过程中总会遇到各种各样的问题,比如编程环境的配置,常用的快捷键,编程过程中的错误、异常,软件更新问题等等。面对这些问题都是如何解决的,一定要记录下来,一是增加自己解决问题的经验,而是以防下次出现。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OGGwdgoU0oca0gxamqlcZ7HVnCf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"多看官方文档","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HqyKdYYu8oU6QCxKmzicQi2qnxb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"外文资料互联网是一个更新迭代很快的行业,所有编程语言都会不断的更新新功能和修复旧Bug,网上查的资料很有可能是旧的解决方案,现在已经不适用了。所以最好最快的方法就是查看官方文档。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FGkAdKUGioyu6OxiQ7pcForVnXc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"进入行业圈子","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OEwIdSQ4EoK0U8xHbsJcVXchnCw"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"只有进入行业圈子与其他人交流,你才了解最新的行业动态,才知道自己需要更新哪些技能。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XqkadOImEoakm4xCGrscdtHOnrg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"动手做项目","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SMIQdeS4Qo60gKxSE1qcpjf9n1b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"学习编程的最终目的就是用所学的做出具有一定功能的项目,而做项目又是最好的学习和巩固知识的方式。如果前期能力不足就先做一些简单的功能模块,一步一步慢慢来,不要一开始就要实现各种酷炫炸天功能,遇到不会的就在网上查, 现在互联网这么发达,获取资源也及其方便。而且开发前也最好在网上查一下有没有已经成型的框架或模板,什么都自己做一是很耗费时间,二是自己技术能力不足还可能留下不少坑。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"E8SSdsQksoOykkxq8qhc2D9UnPh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"学习Python","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Noeodu46Eoyg4Oxcz2Lcvsh6nWf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"安装编程环境","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ucwad8wU0omK2YxUmNnc76Pjneb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第一步:访问Python官网,获取最新安装程序。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CIWwdiUucoGM4Axe1XscufX4npb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":253,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"安装编程环境","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6243e00debbc4a70b8dc277fa202d4e3","width":500},"text":"","id":"ZAUEdiiUoockeYx4FwFcKNmVnsb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":" ","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"第二步:运行下载的安装程序,注意勾选“Add Python3.7 to PATH”,然后选择个性化安装,即“Customize installation”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DikMdkUMeoIIwOxEFNjcgKC8nfb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":308,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"安装编程环境","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/61c8842e690b42fc8de3ab3bce410252","width":500},"text":"","id":"VeISdQwCcogI8yxKqjrcxkXBnXf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":" ","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"第三步:确保“pip”被勾选上,之后安装各种库需要用到pip。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JakkdcOG8omkoCxUt62cPMoinKb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":308,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"安装编程环境","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/257a0f4181604843b6b89e1ab0d338fc","width":500},"text":"","id":"HQUGdykoMoSUmGxymgjcOwounzg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":" ","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"第四步:高级选项,需要的可以修改安装目录,通常没有需要修改的,直接点“Install”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"U8gUdO22So4GWMxk5AAcYxhgnwd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":308,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"安装编程环境","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a0bb9ea7ffad45d5aeef1f09f1dde2a4","width":500},"text":"","id":"IGQwdQag4oi06uxWuyacQYQAnwe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":" ","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"第五步:等待程序自动安装完成。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZqiadCqiEoWewYx0AC8cBcnTneh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":308,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"安装编程环境","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a46cba8c1cc64627a6bcb5bf991fe3f9","width":500},"text":"","id":"EmCWd0sMaoowOIxuA2lctZeXn8e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":" ","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"第六步:出现如下界面,说明安装已完成。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CSiudKqaqomAkcx2B6tcVnpGnPd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":308,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"安装编程环境","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/379805f0786b447583f0a32c4d573b32","width":500},"text":"","id":"UiCYdig0KoeIUWx049tcMB6bn6f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":" ","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"第七步:验证方法,Windows+R 键打开“运行”窗口,输入cmd运行,进入命令提示窗口,再输入python,进入Python的命令模式,输入 print(\"Hello\"),结果输出了 Hello,如下图所示,确定开发环境已安装完成。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Lmoede4cuoEwQKxmabGcMLaXnXf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":261,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"安装编程环境","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f84920cc98b14ad9beb9aae12c2e06f7","width":500},"text":"","id":"MsIgduUaEosaG6xSunHcnIm8nvf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"运行环境","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Lqiwde2SYoKEoOxquyEcgRRLnLd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"Hello World!","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IIgSdccwkoeaG8xmadlcUw6Bnbh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"命令行","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JAaKdcMMUoSaKcxW4c1ccXeGnPb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在Linux命令行输入:$python","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ac0Udg8sKoo64WxKUEpcVHc9ngc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"将直接进入python。然后在命令行提示符\u003e\u003e\u003e后面输入:\u003e\u003e\u003eprint('Hello World!')","id":""}],"text":"","id":"C6OwdcCKao0kG8x4u6bchmSwn9e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"可以看到,随后在屏幕上输出:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HMyIdGao0omCcMxyu1Kc9DyFnQJ"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"Hello World!","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HCWydoCIKo02yMxOy7GcZ1MBnkc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"print是一个常用函数,其功能就是输出括号中得字符串。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K4gYdSoiuo00icxAHmpc1eimnGc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(在Python 2.x中,print还可以是一个关键字,可写成print 'Hello World!',但这在3.x中行不通 )","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BQACduGE6oCgSOx2fvYcEcbPn4f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"小程序","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NGqsdeUKwoewYQx3zgdcf4Q4nsb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"另一个使用Python的方法,是写一个Python程序。用文本编辑器写一个.py结尾的文件,比如说hello.py","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LkWEdeSkSosWMexWc7PcjpdvnJg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在hello.py中写入如下,并保存:print('Hello World!')","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JgOsdAKe4ogmyExYHgLcTmQunyg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"退出文本编辑器,然后在命令行输入:$python hello.py","id":""}],"text":"","id":"So08dE2imoYYQCxQ2QFcO82cnJL"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"来运行hello.py。可以看到Python随后输出Hello World!","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AIKCdsmeYoCwwUx0su3cHkHqnvb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"脚本","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZsEMdwYWcoQOsQxSSv6cYylLn5e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"我们还可以把Python程序hello.py改成一个可执行的脚本,直接执行:#!/usr/bin/env python","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LqUgd8CeQoCIeux81qFc7h69nHE"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"print('Hello World!')","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ASc8d6YmkoASeOxcNArcGC3Anbc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"需要修改上面程序的权限为可执行:chmod 755 hello.py","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SY4Sd2aEMoy8E2x8moScAd5Gnbc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"然后再命令行中,输入./hello.py","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KcuSdKiEGomYGmxcxZ9cfAzwn9d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"就可以直接运行了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WoeudWqOAosyosx8vdLcVyTQnre"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"基本数据类型","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PCwKdMoS2oKi4gxFAqZctL2XnJp"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"变量不声明","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HsuQdOC6kosCkax4ML4cAJ8Dnje"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"Python的变量不需要声明,你可以直接输入:\u003e\u003e\u003ea = 10","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SoA0dk2IKogMgOxewwVc4LkKnMe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"那么你的内存里就有了一个变量a, 它的值是10,它的类型是integer (整数)。 在此之前你不需要做什么特别的声明,而数据类型是Python自动决定的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KuuidCs4SooqGex6ZITcthxHnHc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"\u003e\u003e\u003eprint(a)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VUaadIGOqoYYS4xwFOLcR1CVnEh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"\u003e\u003e\u003eprint(type(a))","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K2uYdIgSwoIaKexCWFvc3GZnnIe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"那么会有如下输出:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VYCKdqwy4oWG6Ux2xQjcXvipnzV"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"10","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FukWdMmaAoceg4xCaJ5c8ktfnuf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"\u003cclass 'int'\u003e","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Mo4IdywqgoqKI8xSBu7cFmLyndb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这里,我们学到一个内置函数type(),用以查询变量的类型。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"C8yKdI8amoWwssxaEpQcGuK7nTf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"回收变量名","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LmgCdYeiuoIWgWxOon3c3P1Hncd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如果你想让a存储不同的数据,你不需要删除原有变量就可以直接赋值。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"J0C0dc8UWo4CESx4m4jceRTAn4e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"\u003e\u003e\u003ea = 1.3","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Tme6dEUG8ogECYxMrZOcjBzCnfg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"\u003e\u003e\u003eprint(a,type(a))","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Xo8mdWieio2ayqxYvCqcNNnKnac"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"会有如下输出","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HEQgdWU6so2EW0x2pYGc8Up6nLf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1.3 \u003cclass 'float'\u003e","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Xe0Qd0YkEoWcUixQxzNcsc7BnQc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"序列","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K4sIdyYiaooeSKx0ENocBIlknzb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"sequence(序列)是一组有顺序的元素的集合,(严格的说,是对象的集合,但鉴于我们还没有引入“对象”概念,暂时说元素)序列可以包含一个或多个元素,也可以没有任何元素。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NKG2d8UMAokU4mxs9Snc667DnQf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"我们之前所说的基本数据类型,都可以作为序列的元素。元素还可以是另一个序列,以及我们以后要介绍的其他对象。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SIe2duU4WoQEuMxUTXrcAmmKn2f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"序列有两种:tuple(定值表; 也有翻译为元组) 和 list (表)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RmMwdgGU4oqywAxIZbQcqQHjnNe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"\u003e\u003e\u003es1 = (2, 1.3, 'love', 5.6, 9, 12, False) # s1是一个tuple","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WOaCdYes4o2k8yxWsrqckvlxnDd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"\u003e\u003e\u003es2 = [True, 5, 'smile'] # s2是一个list","id":""}],"text":"","id":"De8ydgYi2o0ciixAjmgcINQnnzd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"\u003e\u003e\u003eprint(s1,type(s1))","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IMqQdWcKEogyGuxORI4cXDm9n5N"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"\u003e\u003e\u003eprint(s2,type(s2))","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EY6idcQaooqaaGx0o8HcNZcmnHc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"tuple和list的主要区别在于,一旦建立,tuple的各个元素不可再变更,而list的各个元素可以再变更。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"A8A0d4wsEoQM6gxy8wfczcPunJg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一个序列作为另一个序列的元素","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BiqUdsI6Koks4gxyig4ckRhgnGd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"\u003e\u003e\u003es3 = [1,[3,4,5]]","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YoyEdOKywoYs8Ax4E1ic6uIan3c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"空序列","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OWykdUkeWo4UOQxWiu3cKYkDnAd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"\u003e\u003e\u003es4 = []","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VWEIdSqWooyg40xMpeYcDMo9nbd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"自学","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KW4Odiy8Eo4QyMxmAKFciGS8n4f"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"网站","id":""}],"text":"","id":"G4AadueAIoa4o8xs9gwcSrAxnme"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"菜鸟网站","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KqWid0A6UoAOIAxIlTWcxC9Nnsd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这个python教程很适合小白学习,没有高深的原理,照着教程学就完事了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UiaCdQGKyo6Wg2xwxHoc2Dxmnxt"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"菜鸟教程是一个提供免费编程学习的网站,里面不但能学到编程知识,还能运用在线编程工具,使你在学习的过程中得到发挥,实践得真理,边学边做中让基础打得更稳,让自己的知识更加稳固。在自己有不明白不理解的地方可以在网站的用户笔记中寻找大佬们的笔记,把自己所学和技术大佬的经验所融合,使自己更好地提升自己的能力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZEgwdWWSsoq682x8f5wchxAynZe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"菜鸟教程内容丰富,例如前端热门语言HTML5、CSS3、JavaScript、Vue等它该有的都有,都会从最基础的开始教,让刚学编程的小白由浅及深,一看就懂。每个知识点都有实例可以动手,直接在页面内做你想要的效果真的非常棒。菜鸟的排版简洁清晰有序,内容一针见血,让你一看就能明白其知识点的含义。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WiU8de84coa6cQxcTG1chmmunkh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"菜鸟教程不仅前端教程语言丰富,后端的Java、PHP、Python更是一应俱全,当然数据库、移动端、XML、","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"ASP.NET","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"、Web Service、开发工具和网站建设也是应有尽有,菜鸟教程有学到的知识如此之多,奋斗吧少年。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RggwdQ6uqoSiQWxI1ENck2ktnYe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":383,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"菜鸟网站","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0798ab45151c4bd0ad7d0b1c1b4f9566","width":720},"text":"","id":"NI2SdAC2QosicOxQ9YxcHeSknnh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":" ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DsoCdsMcuoAoi0x8BarcCb3Sn3f"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"廖雪峰的官方网站","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CwsqdmSY6os00wxdcNSctzmwnHH"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"廖雪峰的官方网站比较推荐新手程序员学习前端,这个网站的教学视频的讲解相对来说会比较生动,没有其他教程那么死板,看起来也不至于那么犯困,也更便于新手去理解。总的来说,廖雪峰的官方网站作为一款启蒙类的前端学习网站还是相当不错的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SimcdEA4mo2QwExkXoAcSn0RnEh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":750,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"廖雪峰的官方网站","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b21b64b7b6c74706ab17469ccbf6b14b","width":1783},"text":"","id":"NWWwdMy2AoWIwgxI10pcF9jJnhh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"Python官方教程","id":""}],"text":"","id":"M0cGdIGsSoAYA8xaOKYcPxMInuf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这是Python官方出品的教程,可搭配Python标准库一起学。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QCUKde0YCoe4aixMp6mc34NynAf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":810,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"Python官方教程","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4871398dc75d4de4ab867263607d7048","width":1445},"text":"","id":"NQI2dc86io4EgwxgVEXcl1svnae"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"书籍","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZYEAdMaCaoY8mSxGJFecEcpannb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"《Python编程从入门到实践(第2版)》","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OKe4diK4goU4Swxg9Edc2CcjnQZ"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"作者:埃里克·马瑟斯 (EricMatthes)袁国忠 译","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PKQcdAAcGoUoC0xOqEocFhTCnlh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"ISBN:9787115546081","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DyUWd4aUio4a60xu6ogcPj1Bn2d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"出版:人民邮电出版社","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Rs42dYymGoSIuUxWU7RctjUznMe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"本书是针对所有层次Python读者而作的Python门书。全书分两部分:部分介绍用Python编程所必须了解的基本概念,包括强大的Python库和工具,以及列表、字典、if语句、类、文件与异常、代码测试等内容;第二部分将理论付诸实践,讲解如何发三个项目,包括简单的2D游戏、利用数据生成交互式的信息图以及创建和定制简单的Web应用,并帮助读者解决常见编程问题和困惑。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HoQodykKqo8COCxqyqwccoimnKh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":619,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"书籍","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f952cca888c0454e838c59d17090daf7","width":501},"text":"","id":"ZU6qdUUScoCUA4x46jtchHQIndf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"《像计算机科学家一样学Python》","id":""}],"text":"","id":"E28edua0koSygsxnyHBcIkeznGk"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"ISBN:9787115425515","id":""}],"text":"","id":"N44Udusiso2siQx61owcIo13n6d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"作者:","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"艾伦","id":""},{"type":"text","text":" B. ","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"唐尼","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"(","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"Allen","id":""},{"type":"text","text":" B. ","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"Downey","id":""},{"type":"text","text":")","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RkEudeuIsoy2CmxW6NxcCRV1nfh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"出版:人民邮电出版社","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WYKKdki4WoSykmx6OJVcqWOunDg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"本书以培养读者以计算机科学家一样的思维方式来理解Python语言编程。贯穿全书的主体是如何思考、设计、发的方法,而具体的编程语言,只是提供了一个具体场景方便介绍的媒介。全书共21章,详细介绍Python语言编程的方方面面。本书从基本的编程概念始讲起,包括语言的语法和语义,而且每个编程概念都有清晰的定义,引领读者循序渐地学习变量、表达式、语句、函数和数据结构。书中还探讨了如何处理文件和数据库,如何理解对象、方法和面向对象编程,如何使用调试技巧来修正语法错误、运行时错误和语义错误。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BK6ydyYuaouyusx4pJfcnzCvnPh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":701,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"书籍","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/2fcdba851350469c8f20a6fd2e54a3f8","width":526},"text":"","id":"Gukwd8S6oo0uMKxNGdKcgvECnCz"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"《计算机科学丛书:Java编程思想》","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Qyk4dmCKMouoUwxDv4BcZSonnv6"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"ISBN:9787111213826","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LOyCdEOUeo0MSixsRQOcsCACn1A"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"作者:[美] Bruce Eckel","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NY06d6MISoicmMxkpXAcDYjwnxe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"出版:机械工业出版社","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SASYdyGwMoMiMqx6Cn3c7fPfnFf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"本书的作者拥有多年教学经验,对C、C++以及Java语言都有独到、深入的见解,以通俗易懂及小而直接的示例解释了一个个晦涩抽象的概念。本书共22章,包括操作符、控制执行流程、访问权限控制、复用类、多态、接口、通过异常处理错误、字符串、泛型、数组、容器深入研究、JavaI/O系统、枚举类型、并发以及图形化用户界面等内容。这些丰富的内容,包含了Java语言基础语法以及高级特性,适合各个层次的Java程序员阅读,同时也是高等院校讲授面向对象程序设计语言以及Java语言的好教材和参考书。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DmCwdc4UWo8kIyxkrbKcGAPFn3S"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":603,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"书籍","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/58be17df22694f249be5f539f0f12cbf","width":436},"text":"","id":"NuusdkO0KoEuqcxkhDUcaHIinNd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"《疯狂Java讲义》","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Za0CdW40komg2KxiOCtcsN4pnNf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"ISBN:9787121361586","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XAcQd6qs0oWqqGxUFeAcY2danZe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"作者:李刚","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HImOdIWASoK8YGxkvUZcJhCHnrh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"出版:电子工业出版社","id":""}],"text":"","id":"P0s8dmIUioYcsIxE13WcCFIgnJc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《疯狂Java讲义(第4版)》深入介绍了Java编程的相关方面,《疯狂Java讲义(第4版)》内容覆盖了Java的基本语法结构、Java的面向对象特征、Java集合框架体系、Java泛型、异常处理、Java GUI编程、JDBC数据库编程、Java注释、Java的IO流体系、Java多线程编程、Java网络通信编程和Java反射机制。覆盖了java.lang、java.util、java.text、java.io和java.nio、java.sql、java.awt、javax.swing包下绝大部分类和接口。本书重点介绍了Java 9的模块化系统,还详细介绍了Java 9的jshell工具、多版本JAR包、匿名内部类的菱形语法、增强的try语句、私有接口方法,以及Java 9新增的各种API功能。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HqYKdqMICoW6Iexk7uecKI1ZnNb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":685,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"书籍","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/73f9b8449be24d31b0eb1b31f5d545fa","width":528},"text":"","id":"Nosid8Yukoa0aOxA54IcivKanue"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ESKMd2eyCoKUQmxCgyCcBWYbn6f"}]%3C%2Fhowto_content%3E如何学国画?
学国画是一件非常陶冶情操的事情,不仅能解放人的天性,给人带来满足感、成就感,而且还会在作品中实现对自我的肯定。学国画的人,随着自己的文化积淀、艺术修养的不断提升,所作的画作也如陈年老酒,愈发醇香,愈发动人。
工具
首先要熟悉工具,选择一套合适的工具来作画。
笔
国画使用的笔统称为毛笔,根据制笔的毫料不同可分为软毫、硬毫和兼毫三种。
软毫笔以羊毫为多,鸡毫次之。羊毫笔有长锋、中锋、短锋之别,各有不同的表现力。
硬毫笔一般弹力较强、劲健锋利,易于掌握和使用,其中狼毫笔和紫毫笔使用较多。
兼毫笔是两种以上不同质的毫料兼制而成,此笔软硬适中,适于勾线,也适于渲染用。
画工笔可以选择准备勾线笔(1-2根)、大中小号白云羊毫笔(约3根)。
画写意,准备硬毫笔(长锋短锋各备一支),如狼毫、猪鬃、兔毫等,兼毫备一支即可。
提示
笔一开始不要买太多,常用的基本永远都是那几支。画熟练了再添置,书法写废了的毛笔也可以用来染色或者画山水。
笔架
笔架就是架笔之物,是传统文房用具之一。在构思或暂息时用以置笔,以免毛笔污损他物。
调色盘
调色盘就是调和颜料的容器,是不可缺少的文房用具。其形状通常为圆形,呈梅花状,但也有方形或其他不规则形状,质地以陶瓷类较多,而小碟子形态的调色盘造价比较低廉,通常为初学者或业余人士使用。
墨汁
中国传统绘画尤重用墨,笔以达气,墨以生韵。用墨表现画面的气韵,求得生动是很重要的。中国之墨经用笔引发和水的渗化,可变化出浓、淡、干、湿、黑、白不同层次的色彩感。古人谓之“五墨六彩”。
以墨代色,力求单纯、明快、概括,是中国画的独特创造。以墨代色的不同变化,表现各种色彩感觉,富有浪漫主义的处理特色。中国画在设色方面突破了自然物固有的约束,代之以感情的意匠色彩。
推荐墨汁
墨有很多种,市场上常见的用于绘画的墨主要有株式会社墨运堂出品的玄宗墨汁,北京一得阁的云头艳,红星墨液,北京墨汁,中华墨汁,曹素功墨汁,珠江墨汁等等。不同墨对于绘画有直接影响。
1、进口玄宗墨汁有两种:一种是红星玄宗,一种是进口玄宗,其特点是浓墨显得很厚重,淡墨显得很润泽,不含混。下图是用进口玄宗墨汁绘制的国画效果图。
2、北京一得阁墨汁,百年老字号,价格低廉,性价比高。代表性产品为云头艳,其特点为,墨迹光亮、淡墨表现力强,层次感丰富、浓淡五色、书写流利等特点,美中不足的便是胶性比较大,易凝结。下图是用北京一得阁墨绘制的国画效果图。
3、红星墨汁,安徽红星墨液公司出品。代表产品有两种,一种是红星墨液,另一种是玄宗墨液(国产),玄宗墨液(国产)跟红星墨液最大的区别在于黑度,玄宗墨液(国产)的黑度优于红星墨液,淡墨的层次,表现效果差,笔锋交叉处,呈现糊状。
4、雄狮墨汁,台湾品牌,代表产品为雄狮书法墨汁,黑度强劲,层次感强、浓淡五色、书写流利,合成树脂胶(零下20℃凝结),四季适宜书画,宜书宜裱。适宜练习、出一般作品和出贵重作品用,是票友和专业人士的首选。
5、曹素功墨汁,国内老字号。产品价格低廉。代表性产品为墨块。
颜料
矿物颜料
矿物颜料有朱砂、赭石、石青、石绿、石黄、白粉、金粉、银粉等。除赭石等少数矿物颜料外,多数矿物颜料都具有渗化性差、不透明性、遮盖力强等特点。由于这类颜料源于矿物质,虽经千年亦可保持其鲜艳色彩。
植物颜料
植物颜料有花青、藤黄、胭脂、洋红。植物颜料和化学颜料渗化性较好,透明度高。除藤黄等少数颜料外,大多没有遮盖能力。故一般不宜以色盖色。这正是中国画必须下笔准确,忌反复修改的原因。
化学颜料
化学颜料有曙红、深红、大红、铬黄、天蓝。
特点及用途
赭石:矿物类,但其质较轻清,半透明,可单独使用,也可调和其他颜料后使用,是一种用途广泛的颜料。在淡彩山水中,常作为山石、树干主色,也可用于画夕阳反照下的远山。在花鸟画中,常与墨(调和后成为赭墨)或与其他色料调和,或混合使用,多用于画枝、干、翎毛。在人物画中,常用于人物皮肤底色。调入花青或绿色可用于画远山、老叶子。赭石加藤黄为赭黄,用于深秋黄叶、秋景中的土坡、草间细路。草绿中加入赭石调成苍绿,用于秋天石坡、土径。
朱膘:矿物类或人工合成。常与胭脂、洋红、藤黄调和使用。朱膘调墨可得厚重而偏亮的赭色。
朱砂:矿物类,为天然汞化物,近代也有人工合成的朱砂,遮盖力强,一般是单独使用,且多用浓重之原色点秋天红叶、花,亭台栏杆。不宜与石青、石绿调和使用。实际上,所有矿物颜料,除胭脂外,一般都不宜与植物色相调和。
石青:矿物类,遮盖力极强。在青绿山水中用于罩染突出部位的山石,是青绿山水之主色。在石青制作过程中,将石料研磨澄汰后,按其质地轻重,又可将石青分为头青、二青、三青、四青。一般山水画只用质地较轻的二青、三青,多用于点夹叶、醒点苔。因石青相对粗糙,染山石时,一般要分几次逐步上足色彩,待第一遍干后再着第二遍,忌在未干时反复涂抹。
石绿:矿物类,遮盖力较强。澄汰后也可分为头绿、二绿、三绿、四绿。头绿质地较重,颜色较深,山水画中较少使用。二绿、三绿在淡彩、重彩山水画中使用较为广泛。石绿可与草绿(如花青加藤黄所调成的草绿)结合使用,此时需用套色法(或用草绿打底,待干后罩石绿;或先用石绿平涂,待干后再染草绿)。
石黄:矿物类,在山水画中仅用于点秋景夹叶、秋景苔。画大片成熟的庄稼可先用赭石、藤黄染湿后再点石黄以示成熟。
金粉:矿物类,除一般进口金粉外,还有佛赤泥金和青赤泥金,系用金箔研成,前者色正偏暖,后者发青偏冷。用于重彩山水画和工笔、人物、花鸟画,一般在勾线时方使用。
银粉:矿物类,用途与金粉类同。
白粉:矿物类或人工合成,有铅白、锌白、蛤粉等,铅管所装的又称锌钛白。不透明。画云、雪、瀑布、花鸟、人物等均需用之。锌钛白还可与花青、藤黄、赭石乃至墨等调和使用,但其度较难把握。如画杨树干即可调入绿色。
花青:植物类或人工合成,半透明,可与藤黄、洋红、赭石、白粉等多种颜料调和,用途极为广泛,画山、石、草、木、云、水等均需用花青或其调和色。与藤黄调和,依据比例不同可调和各种绿色。青花调墨后称花青墨,其色为墨绿(螺青)。与曙红或胭脂调和后为紫色。
藤黄:植物类,是藤本植物的树脂所制,有毒不能入口。铅管装藤黄有一定遮盖能力。在山水、花鸟、人物画中,既可单独使用,又可与其他许多颜料或墨(可调成橄榄绿)调和使用,用途广泛。与洋红、朱膘或胭脂可调出橙色,与赭石调和可成檀色。
洋红:又称西洋红、曙红。植物类或人工合成,半透明,在花鸟画中,多单独或调和后,用于画花、红叶、蔬果,用途广泛。在山水画众多用于画亭台、屋顶、红叶等,在人物画众多用于面、唇、底饰等。
胭脂:植物类,为胭脂花制品,半透明。在山水画中用于春天的桃花与秋天的红叶,在花鸟画中可用于画紫红色蔬果、翎毛、花、叶、芽苞,也有用其点花心、勾叶筋的。在人物画中,可用于画人物、棉布、衣饰、花卉配景等。胭脂与曙红、朱膘可调出各种红色系的色相。调入墨则成紫色,调入赭则成赭色胭脂。
大红:与曙红色彩相近,略淡于曙红。用法与曙红类同。
颜色调配方法
颜料中任何一种颜色加入白色都会使之变为粉色或变淡颜色。本颜料与颜料之间可以任意调配使用,若要稀释时只要加少许清水即可。丙烯颜料在水分挥发后即干透,因此作画时对程序要心中有数,以使笔触衔接自然,达到预想效果。
1、草绿:约70%花青+30%藤黄调配而成,画工笔花卉的叶子最常用的色彩之一。
2、汁绿:约80%藤黄+15%花青+5%朱磦调和成的嫩绿色,常用来作为反叶的底色和嫩叶的底色。
3、老绿:草绿中微加墨或微加点胭脂,常用来罩染处于暗部的叶子色彩,薄薄的老绿也可用来渲染反叶。
4、檀香色:约70%藤黄+20%朱磦+10%三绿调配而成,加大量水以后常用来刷背景,也可作为嫩芽和托叶的底色。
5、米黄:约70%藤黄+30%赭石,主要用来刷背景,在重彩画的绘制中打一层米黄底色容易取得色彩和谐。
6、三绿:石绿+白色而得,白色加的越多则就变成四绿、五绿等。三青、四青等色彩也是同理。
7、老赭:朱磦+墨调和而成,接近熟褐色。常用来提染枝干或提染叶面被虫咬蚀的部分。
8、胭脂水:胭脂色+大量水调和而成。主要用来复勒线条,曙红水、花青水等说法同理
9、豆绿色(三绿+藤黄+少许酞青蓝)
10、墨红色(曙红+稍许墨)
11、赭绿色(赭石+草绿)。
12、古铜色(朱磦+墨+少许藤黄+少许曙红)
13、汁绿色(草绿+藤黄+少许朱磦)
14、灰绿色(三绿+少许墨)
15、芽绿色(汁绿+藤黄)
16、米黄色(藤黄+朱磦+少许墨)
17、桔黄色(藤黄+朱磦)
18、墨青色(花青+墨)
19、藏青蓝(酞青蓝+墨+少许石青)
20、绛红色(胭脂+朱磦+少许墨)
21、紫色(曙红+少许酞青蓝)
22、墨绿色(草绿+少许墨)
23、老绿色(草绿+少许胭脂)
24、翠绿色(酞青蓝+藤黄+少许翡翠绿)
25、褐色(赭石+墨)
26、檀香色(藤黄+朱磦+少许三绿)
27、蓝灰色(花青+白粉+少许三青)
28、豆沙色(胭脂+朱磦+少许花青)
29、土红色(朱磦+少许胭脂)
30、青绿色(草绿+少许酞青蓝)
31、四绿色(三绿+白色)
32、胭脂水(胭脂+大量水)
33、青灰色(花青+少许墨+白色)
34、蓝色(酞青蓝+三青)
35、朱红色(朱磦+曙红)
36、紫青色(胭脂+少许酞青蓝)
推荐颜料
目前,书画店中所售的国画颜料,从包装方式上也有两种:一种是传统手工制作的小纸盒包装的颜料片,质量较好,且加过胶,只要用水化开即可使用。另一种是颜料厂制作的铅管包装的颜料,挤出来即可使用,但质量不如片制颜料。初学绘画,多使用后一种。
初学者选择马利、樱花牌(樱花无沉淀更细腻)都可以。马利黄色包装的可能会有颗粒沉淀,蓝色盒子的颜料更细腻一点。要求高一点的可以去买吉祥牌,另外一开始不建议你们入瓶装或纸包的矿物质颜料,又烧钱又染色时掌握不好比较难出效果。(比如姜思序堂)
宣纸
写意画选生宣,工笔画选熟宣,生宣纸又分棉皮,净皮,特皮,檀皮含量多少而定。檀皮量多则是特皮,适合大写意,洇墨厉害,多画于山水画,更能突显水墨意境。小写意用净皮,适应画花鸟画,墨色浓淡相宜好掌握。
画国画的宣纸和卡纸都有生宣,孰宣之分,不同的是着色润染效果。写意画用宣纸画更能突显墨韵感,意境。卡纸晕染效果不及生宣,适应画小写意,浓淡相宜,墨色恰到好处。用卡纸可以画花鸟画,宣纸画山水画,卡纸一个好处是画好了不用裱画直接装框。
用宣纸画画的时可以重复叠色,而卡纸不行润染几次就会起毛边,所以形要准,着色一遍而过。涂背景时也是如此,不适应反复上色,深浅掌握好,两遍而过。初学者适合用宣纸画,花鸟画,山水画画个一遍,熟练生巧后换卡纸画。
推荐用纸
与中国画笔墨最为匹配的载体无疑要首推安徽径县出产的宣纸,这种纸在发挥中国画笔墨表现力方面很强,物理性能稳定。
徽州的宣纸最好,品牌有很多,名牌的初学者不适用,一般的就可以。除了红星,双鹿,汪同王的宣纸很好用,墨润效果还不错。用宣纸画画外还可以尝试用卡纸画画,不用裱画,直接装框就好。
在选择熟宣纸时一定要慎重,好纸不一定白,太白说明增白剂太多,不利久藏;好的熟宣纸纸白但不刺眼,反光柔和,纸内不能有草梗、沙粒、裂口、洞眼及其他附着物。
生宣纸
熟宣纸
镇纸
作画时维镇纸是中国古代传统工艺品。指写字作画时用以压纸的东西,常见的多为长方条形,因故也称作镇尺、压尺。
镇纸的材质多种多样,以玉、瓷、竹、木、铁、铜居多,上面通常雕刻有兰、菊、梅、竹并配以诗句的图案,也有动物和人物的立体形象。
推荐镇纸
现在市场上有各种各样的镇纸,可以根据自己的需求购买。
1、Noritake则武宫崎骏龙猫TOTORO站立水晶镇纸
2、青云笔社小鹅镇秦陵水禽系列镇纸
3、弘可手工铸铁小猫咪镇纸
4、臻言粉莲水晶镇纸
5、御宝阁纯手工景德镇手绘陶瓷镇纸
手工绘制的陶瓷镇纸有两款可选,一个是葫芦蟋蟀,还有是墨趣。
6、臻言加重款国画蓝图方镇纸
7、臻言原创加重款云山书画镇纸
笔洗
笔洗是一种传统工艺品,属于文房四宝笔、墨、纸、砚之外的一种文房用具,是用来盛水洗笔的器皿,以形制乖巧、种类繁多、雅致精美而广受青睐,传世的笔洗中,有很多是艺术珍品。笔洗有很多种质地,包括瓷、玉、玛瑙、珐琅、象牙和犀角等,基本都属于名贵材质。各种笔洗中,最常见的是瓷笔洗。
笔洗的作用是可以润笔,在绘画中,许多用水特技都是靠笔洗来实现。
初学者预算不够可以随便找个水桶代替。推荐几个笔洗的店铺荣宝斋、宝霆容山堂/RONGSHANGTANG、赋比兴等。
毛毡
制作书画毡的材料主要是羊毛或化纤,因材料和工艺的差别,而产出各式各样的书画毡。
用它衬在宣纸下面,防止画画时的墨汁、颜色等渗透到宣纸背面的桌面上、进而污染宣纸,弄得画面上一塌糊涂;衬了毛毡,因为毛毡不吸水,就不会发生上述现象了。画国画用的毛毡在国画用品商店里有售,大小不一,根据自己的画幅大小选购。
初学者用一块常见的带有米字格的书画毡就差不多,市面上这类书画毡有50厘米×50厘米的,也有50厘米×70厘米的。
购买之前,务必看清楚毛毡的大小。然后看毛毡上米字格的大小,一般毛毡上的格子大小为10厘米,小一点的毛毡的格子可能是9厘米的。可以看厚度,以这种印有米字格的书画毡来说,质量特别次的毛毡都不会太厚,有时候墨汁太多还真有可能透过去。厚度2毫米以上的毛毡,对于国画初学者来说就够了。
如果要画大幅的作品,那就需要买大的厚的毛毡,更大更厚的毛毡托墨性能和吸墨能力更强,显然也更合适。
砚台
砚台是用来磨墨和装墨汁的,初学者可用小碟子代替用来装墨。如果想拥有更好的砚台可以选购妙峰牌徐公砚。
其他
纸胶带/水胶带:绷宣纸用的;
喷壶:绷绢、做特殊效果时会使用;
底纹笔/底纹刷:用来刷底色的大刷子,羊毫做的,要很软才行;
美工钉、盘子(调色用)。
国画技法
国画技法的主要有构思、构图、用笔、用墨、设色、收拾等方面,其中用笔用墨为最基本的技法)。
构思——又叫立意,即作画之前的形象思维过程。
构图——即六法中的“经营位置”,又叫置陈布势等。亦即画面各种物象的位置、比例、墨色等的安排。
用笔——即六法中的“骨法用笔”,有线描、勾勒、皴、擦、点染,笔用中锋、逆锋、藏锋、露锋、拖笔、破点等。
用墨——经历代画家发展有:焦、浓、重、淡、清、退、埃、宿等各种墨色,运用时须各得其所。又有泼墨、破墨(即浓淡相生)等具体技法。
设色——白描:不设色,全用线条表现,或仅以淡墨、淡水色稍加渲染。重彩:一般指工笔重彩、勾勒填色、大青绿等。淡彩:以墨色为主调,敷以淡彩色。没骨:纯用色彩画,并不勾线。(纯用墨点染,不沟勒的亦叫没骨。)
收拾——画成以后再作整体收拾,使全画最后达到气韵生动的境界。
笔墨
中国画表现形象的基本手段。我国历代画家在长期历史发展的过程中,已经形成了一套完整的笔墨技法和创造技巧。
笔墨表现形式
有白描、工笔、写其细部,整个画面纯用墨色,有的再加淡墨渲染。
白描——用细线勾画出物象轮廓及其细部,整个画面纯用墨色。有的再加淡墨渲染。
白描从线条的粗细可分三类:较粗的线条叫琴弦,较细的线条叫铁线,极细的线条叫游丝。工笔画常常用这几种线条来表现作品,钉头鼠尾描、兰叶描、高古游丝描、铁线描、行云流水描。不论采用哪种线描,都突“写”字,使每一条线具有书法气韵。
工笔——勾勒细腻精巧的叫工笔,工即工整工细之意,敷色也层也渲染,显得浑厚浓重。
工笔画是通过线条去观察、反映事物的,根据事物在轮廓和外表上的明确特征来了解事物。线条连绵不断、细密均匀,贯穿着整个事物形体的始终,表现出蓬勃灵动而精工逼真的视觉外貌。因此,线条成为画面的统领者,其视觉观察的方式是客观而具体的。
写意——只写物象的大意,用笔简练流畅,笔墨自然,不用色的写意画,又称“水墨画”。
勾勒着色——亦称“单线平涂”。它用笔先勾出物象边线,中间用墨或用色平涂。
粗细相间——亦称“兼工带写”。它比工笔要粗,比写意要工。
粗中有细——如花草画得粗,但绕花飞动的小虫、蝴蝶、或蜻蜓等则画得很细。
没骨法——一般不用墨线勾轮廓。
泼墨法——是没骨法的扩展,用大块墨色,再运用自然形成的浓淡,加上较细的笔道,有的地方还露出飞白,这样才见精神。
界画——一部或大部分用直尺画墨线组成的画,主要表现庄严雄韦的建筑物,如宫殿、庙宇、楼阁、亭台、水榭等,以及整齐精致的家具陈设等。
设色
设色即六法中的“随类赋彩”。不同的色彩赋不同的感情,画家往往用色彩来表达他的感情。中国画常用的颜色有墨、藤黄、石黄、土黄、胭脂、洋红、朱砂、朱膘、赭石、花青、石青(可分头青、二青、三青等三种)、石绿(也分头绿、二绿、三绿等三种),白粉等。但基本颜色只有红、黄、蓝三种,即洋红、藤黄和花青。把上面的颜色加以配合,可以调出许多种颜色来。
墨彩
工笔花鸟画中配彩法的一种。即对形象勾线或不勾线,完全用墨的浓淡来表现的叫墨彩。墨彩以淡雅为佳,因它用浓墨的面积不宜过大、过多,因为重墨多易使画面产生沉浊之感,但亦不能淡而失神,要使浓淡相宜,才具有清新神韵的效果。
淡彩
工笔花鸟画中配彩法的一种。即先墨彩的方法把对象画到八九分,然后用淡薄的色彩稍作渲染的叫淡彩。淡彩要做到色不碍墨、墨不离色,既能融合一体,又能显示墨的韵味,才能产生一种淡雅、朴素的效果。
粉彩
工笔花鸟画中配彩法的一种。在表现方法上多用于勾染和没骨。在颜色运用上以植物颜色和白粉为主,以水彩和淡薄的矿物质色为辅。粉彩勾线切忌用一色的浓墨,而要施淡墨为主。因为墨丝过浓和粉彩相并,则容易显得枯僵,缺乏妍丽。调粉的色彩不宜过厚,但也不能太淡薄,过淡则无神,要做到薄中见厚。粉彩用粉是重要关键。粉和色要用到晕化自然,不露粉痕,不显料气,干净滋润,才能发挥粉彩鲜明娇丽的特点。
重彩
工笔花鸟画中配彩法的一种。重彩勾勒勾染的方法,并以服务态度和物质色为主,因用色比较厚重,所以色感较富丽带有装饰性称为重彩。重彩渲染要作到薄中见厚,厚中生津,染不露痕,深浅自然。切忌脏、花、斑、枯、火、腻等。这些毛病多出于顺序不对,用笔不轻顺,用色过厚或厚薄不匀。
线描
中国民族绘画的主要造型手段。是构成中国画民族风格的一个要素。线描是运用线的轻重、浓淡、粗细、方圆、转折、顿挫、虚实、长短、干湿、刚柔、疾徐等不同的笔法来表现物象的体积、形态、质感、量感和运动感的一种方法。它不着颜色,有时可有一些淡墨来略加渲染,具有独特的表现形式和造型规律,并富有韵味。用线的变化,要与造型的形式美紧密相连。其线或刚健、或婀娜、或轻灵、或凝重,由于用笔多变遂产生极为丰富的感觉。中国画用线造型的历史悠久,通过历代画家的长期实践和不断地创造,积累了大量的极为丰富的线描技法经验,仅画人物衣褶的描法就有“十八描”。
用线描来造型的特点是清晰、简练、富有装饰性,可以完美地刻划各种现象,表现出千变万化的各种物象的新的生命。
白描
中国画中完全用线条来表现物象的称“白描”。白描有单勾和复勾两种。用线一次成的单勾。单勾有用一色墨勾成的,也有根据不同对象用浓淡两种墨勾成的,例如花用淡墨勾,叶用浓墨勾。复勾是先用淡墨全部勾好,然后根据表面具体情况决定复勾一部分或全部。复勾的线不能依原路的线刻板地重迭地勾一道。复勾的目的,是加重质感和浓淡的变化,使物象显得更有神彩。复勾的线必须流畅自然,更防止受原线路的约束,否则复勾的线很易呆板。物象的形、神、光、色、体积、质感等关系就靠线条来表现,从某咱意义上说来,它比别的画法更不易掌握。白描要特别注意“朴素简洁”、“概括明确”的特点。在构图上的取舍力求单纯,对虚实、疏密要偏重于对比较强烈的安排,层次要分明,在线的处理上要带有装饰性、旋律性,防止碎乱、呆板、松散等毛病。
刘公华白描仕女图
皴法
国画表现技法之一。早期山水画的主要表现手法,是以线条勾勒轮廓,然后敷色。随着绘画的发展,为了表现山石树木的脉络纹路和(凸凹),因地质的结构不同,表现在山岳的外形上也各不相同。
石涛深山秋水图
皴法的种类
一般有(1)披麻皴、(2)乱麻皴、(3)芝麻皴、(4)大斧劈、(5)小斧劈皴、(6)卷云皴、(7)雨点皴(雨雪皴)、(8)弹涡皴、(9)荷叶皴、(10)矾头皴、(11)骷髅皴、(12)鬼皮皴、(13)解索皴、(14)、乱柴皴、(15)牛毛皴、(16)马牙皴、(17)斫皴、(18)点错皴;(19)豆瓣皴、(20)刺梨皴(豆瓣皴之变)、(21)破网皴、(22)折带皴、(23)泥里拨钉皴、(24)拖泥带水皴、(25)金碧皴、(26)没骨皴、(27)直擦皴、(28)横擦皴等。
墨法
古人说“墨即是色”,浓淡水墨可代替各种色彩。用墨要有浓淡干湿,只干不湿太瘠枯,只湿不干太臃肿,浓淡干湿结合起来,变化多,生动而有气韵。
用墨之法
一般有焦墨、积墨、破墨、擂墨等。焦墨是一种磨得极浓的墨,用焦墨的旁边须有浓淡墨为之晕浑,否则焦墨孤立,难见笔意。
积墨:用浓墨和淡墨连敷几次,有一种深厚的味道。
破墨:先用淡墨上纸,趁湿用湿墨加上,化出奇纱的韵味。拧在纸上捺转,略似鱼鳞,由浓渐淡,参差不齐,谓之擂墨。所以用墨和用笔不分不开的。
用笔六要
一要自然有力,切忌呆滞。
二要变化而有联系,要将粗、细、浓、淡、长、短、横、直、干、湿、轻、重根据物象参差需用,既有变化,还要互相联系。
三要苍老而滋润,苍老就显出含蓄的笔力,用笔光滑就显得雅嫩,过于苍老亦易枯燥,故须在苍老中滋润,也就是干湿并用。
四要松灵而凝炼,松灵比自然更进一步,要活泼轻松有生趣,切忌油滑、轻浮,轻松之中要有重厚,凝练是一笔画去到尽端有回锋。
五要刚柔相济,即在轻柔中有骨力。所谓“线棉裹铁”才能稳厚,刚健的锋中要参以巧运,“扛鼎中有妩媚。”故一笔中要能刚健婀娜兼有之。
六要巧拙互用,用笔朴质显得老实,故要在巧笔中夹几笔拙,在拙笔中夹几笔巧,应巧拙互用,方为得法。
国画笔法
讲基本运笔技法之前我们要先了解握笔的姿势。
国画的笔法有六种,分别是中锋、侧锋、逆锋、拖锋、折钗股与屋漏痕、飞白锋。
中锋
中锋即锥形毛笔笔尖在毛笔的运行过程中,始终处在用笔的中心位置。中锋用笔是中国画用笔方法的首要特征。其特点是:笔力饱满,内涵丰富。外柔内刚,极富表现力。
侧锋
侧锋的执笔是把笔管横卧或倾斜。与纸成各种角度,笔尖不在墨线中间,笔尖在墨线一侧,并出现飞白的效果。
逆锋
逆锋是相对于正手位置顺行方向的反方向毛笔运行方法。逆锋运笔阻力增大,笔锋聚散,松紧变化不同于顺笔意味。特点是笔力刚硬,力透纸背,但缺少柔劲。不可常用,适可而止。
露锋
于藏锋的运笔刚好相反,它以笔尖着纸,故意露出笔锋,收笔时渐行渐提笔杆。以这种笔法画出的线条灵活而飘逸。
藏锋
笔锋要藏而不露,画出的线条才沉着含蓄,力透纸背。
顺锋
运笔与逆锋相反,采用拖笔运行,画出的线条轻快流畅、灵秀活泼。
扩展资料
所谓笔法,写字作画用笔的方法,即中国画特有的用线方法。中国书画主要都以线条表现,所用工具都是尖锋毛笔,要使书画的线条点画富有变化,必先讲究执笔,在运笔时掌握轻重、快慢、偏正、曲直等方法,称为“笔法”。
国画有着自己明显的特征,讲究“气韵生动”,不拘泥于物体外表的肖似,而多强调抒发作者的主观情趣。中国画讲求“以形写神”,追求一种“妙在似与不似之间”的感觉。
讲究笔墨神韵,笔法要求:平、圆、留、重、变。墨法要求墨分五色,焦、浓、重、淡、清。
讲究“骨法用笔”,不讲究焦点透视,不强调环境对于物体的光色变化的影响。
讲究空白的布置和物体的“气势”。
国画分科
国画总分为工笔和写意两种,大致又分工笔花鸟,工笔山水,工笔人物,写意花鸟,写意山水,写意人物等。写意用生宣,工笔用熟宣,也有半生不熟的纸可以画一些兼工带写。
国画的细分科按形式分,工笔,写意;工笔讲究“工”,用笔细致,需要细细勾勒反复渲染的;写意讲“意”,用笔洒脱,以形写神,一笔到位。按题材分,人物、花鸟、山水。
工笔
工笔画步骤
起稿
可用铅笔在图画纸上对临起稿,或直接拷贝临本,用HB铅笔将画稿拷贝到绢或熟宣纸上,铅笔线要轻、淡。也可直接把画稿拷贝到白纸上,特别是用绢画时,这样可以避免画稿变形,铅笔线以绷稿后看清为准。
也可以去买个拷贝台,把起好的稿子或打印的图纸放在拷贝台上,再把熟宣/绢蒙在上面拷贝,这样拷贝的图精确度稍高一点。画熟练了就可以直接用勾线笔上墨线了!
绷稿
要求:先在画板上裱贴一张白纸,待干后将绢或熟宣纸绷到画板上。具体绷绢步骤可以看这个:如何绷娟
所需材料:图钉、浆糊、水。
1、首先,把框子装好,然后把绢放在框子上摆好。
2、然后,在绢的一头按上图钉,另一边喷水,慢慢展开。
3、喷湿后慢慢调整,差不多了可以涂浆糊,继续调整。不要特别紧,因为绢干了也会收缩,另外绢本身有织的纹路,拉扯变形了就不好了。
4、然后把最后一条边涂上浆糊,折好。绢的外部也可以再涂一层浆糊。
5、等干了就可以上色了,看看效果。
注意事项:
1、草稿:使用铅笔打草稿,纸张不要求。
2、过稿:将草稿放置在拷贝台上,上面覆一层熟宣,使用勾线笔(花枝俏、小叶筋等均可)将画稿勾在宣纸上,这样的作品称为白描。
3、渲:在画好的草稿上用墨来表现画面的明暗,方法是:使用两支较大的笔(一般为大白云)一支蘸墨,一支蘸水,先点墨,在墨没干之前用水渲开,造成一个自然的过渡。
4、染:方法和渲的步骤差不多,不过使用的是国画颜料,这一步较为麻烦。为了让色彩更加均匀厚实,一般要进行多次,有“三矾九染”之说。
勾线
勾线的用笔方法分为中锋和侧锋,工笔人物画中以中锋为主。
中锋:中锋即锥形毛笔笔尖在毛笔的运行过程中,始终处在用笔的中心位置。中锋用笔是中国画用笔方法的首要特征。其特点是:笔力饱满,内涵丰富。外柔内刚,极富表现力。中锋线圆润、浑厚、匀整,并且有弹性。也要注意墨线的浓墨变化,适当时加入清水调试。
侧锋:侧锋的执笔是把笔管横卧或倾斜。与纸成各种角度,笔尖不在墨线中间,笔尖在墨线一侧,并出现飞白的效果。
勾线用笔的起止很重要,每一条线无论长短都必须有起笔、行笔、收笔三个过程。要求“起笔藏锋、运笔中锋、收笔回锋”,这是线描的主要技法要点。画人物和花鸟都需要了解勾线技巧。
着染
传统工笔画的着染方法总体来说可以分为分染、罩染、勾填等方法,分染和罩染是传统工笔人物画和花鸟中最常用的技法。山水的话还要用到“皴”的技法,以体现山脉特有的肌理。
分染:是把平面的线描按其结构、纹理用色或墨渲染出一定的层次和体积关系。分染时,准备一支笔蘸色,一支笔蘸清水把颜色均匀地烘淡。分染法采用分层叠加的方法进行设色,它的优点是色彩厚重饱和,层次变化丰富,表现力强。
罩染:绘画,在着色时,先铺底,后罩色,这种方法就叫罩染。一般是先用渲染法铺上底色,颜色应厚重一些,可以层层复加。由深到淡,要表现出其明暗、层次。再根据需要再平涂一二次翠色,颜色要淡薄。底色和罩色的选择要根据所绘物体本身的特点,目的是使二者相得益彰,产生厚重、鲜明、复杂、丰富的色彩效果。画山水用水墨皴染,可罩染花青和赭石等。
背染:在绢的背面衬色以使正面的颜色更厚重,丰富画面层次。背面使用的是平涂的方法,植物色和矿物色均可。这几个步骤应该是交替进行的,要想画的细腻,这些动作可能要重复很多遍。
复勾
有些地方染完颜色后,之前勾线的部分变得不是很明显了,需要重新勾一遍。这时候勾千万要注意浓淡,颜色重了容易生硬呆板匠气,线条尽量保持流畅,毕竟是附在最上面的。
刷胶矾水
为了防止熟绢跑矾,在设色之前,要在绢的背面刷一遍胶矾水。古人把胶矾称作“伐绢之斧”。未刷胶矾水的绢和宣纸,称作生绢、生宣,是画写意画的材料。刷过胶矾水的绢和宣纸,其性能发生了改变,称之为熟绢、熟宣,适合画工笔画。
1、胶矾水有制作熟绢、固定颜色、保护画面的作用。
胶:黄明胶,又名广胶,颗粒状的效果比较好。使用时用冷水泡上几分钟,去掉浮灰,加入热水搅拌,胶粒全部溶解后即可,但不能用开水,开水会使粘度降低。
矾:又称明矾,主要产自安徽庐江,头天用凉水浸泡,第二天用。
2、胶矾水的混合比一般7:3较为适当,矾大胶小,染墨色时会颜色板滞、难以染匀。胶大矾小则会出现滑笔,墨、色易脱落等问题。
3、刷胶矾水,刷胶矾水的环境最好在温度25度左右的晴天,温度过低胶矾会很快凝固,不易刷匀。
装裱
古语有云:“三分字画,七分裱”,精致的装裱工艺不仅可以使字画得到更好的保护,同时也能起到烘托字画,突出神韵的作用。书画装裱的步骤一般是先用纸托裱在绘画作品的背后,再用绞、绢、纸等镶边,然后安装轴杆成卷轴或者装框条成镜框。传统的装裱是多种多样的,但其成品按形制可分为挂轴,手卷,册页三大类。原裱的绘画不论画心的大小、形状、及裱后的用途,都只有托裱画心、镶覆、砑装三个步骤。
第一步:观察字画
揣摩原作的气度,以利于更好地选择装裱材料烘托原作气质。
第二步:托裱画心
1、将画心反铺在干净的画案上,用喷壶在画心背面均匀喷洒水花;
2、待画心潮润且平整得贴附在画案上时,用排笔在画心背面均匀刷浆;
3、一手持特制的装裱棕刷,一手持略大于画心的托纸,对齐一边,用棕刷自上而下排扫托纸,逐渐使整张托纸平整贴附于画心背面;
4、用手指在托纸边缘均匀抹上浆糊;
5、待画心略干后,轻轻揭起,转贴至挣墙晾干。
第三步:镶条
1、待画心干透,用裁刀将其从墙面取下,裁去托纸不整齐的边角部分;
2、在画心四角均匀抹浆,镶上助条;
3、在助条边缘抹浆,镶上边条。
第四步:覆背
在已镶条的画作后重复第二个步骤。
第五步:装框
已制成的画作如需装框则在画作干透后进行平整,镶装画框;如做成卷轴,则应在画作上下装上天杆和地杆,并牵上挂绳,拴入绛色丝带。
注意事项
一般的装裱能够收藏的是手工的,浆糊的质量也是收藏时间的保证。裱画的糨糊不同于普通的糨糊,不仅黏稠度和透明度有所差别,并且在熬制时还要加入一些防治蠹虫的配料
推荐临摹书籍
人物
白描:《八十七神仙卷》练线描这一本完全够了。如果觉得难度大的,可以进行局部练习。
工笔设色
《簪花仕女图》、韩熙载夜宴图、《虢国夫人游春图》、《捣练图》、《洛神赋图》等
《簪花仕女图》局部
《虢国夫人游春图》局部
花鸟
宋代小品、宋徽宗、陈老莲花鸟集。
山水
山水小品、《千里江山图》、长桥卧波图、马远夏圭。
写意
国画的一种画法,用笔不苛求工细,注重神态的表现和抒发作者内心的情感。最初起源于绘画,兴起于北宋,要求在形象之中有所蕴涵和寄寓,让"象"具有表意功能或成为表意的手段。
分类
写意画分为小写意和大写意,所谓的小写意,更倾向于水墨画法写物象之实,上接元人墨花墨禽的传统;而所谓的大写意,更倾向于以水墨画法表现画家的主观感情,继承的是宋元的文人墨戏传统。
欣赏写意画
画写意首先要练审美。培养对美的感受力,学会欣赏。要对中国美术史上这些大量的作品进行阅读,至少要知道什么是经典什么是真的美。
古代写意画
现代写意画
绘画步骤
白菜、萝卜画法
①用中号长锋狼毫或羊毫调淡墨画菜的叶柄,趁湿马上蘸较浓墨画出菜根和根须。换用一支大号羊毫斗笔调淡墨画菜叶,注意笔腹含水要饱满,根据菜叶的结构、方向,分几笔画出菜叶,每笔菜叶的墨团形状大小浓淡要稍有区别,不能画成一样。笔与笔之间要注意衔接,既不能让它们模棱模糊,又不能搞得支离破碎。趁湿用长锋小狼毫勾出菜叶上的叶脉。
②用同一支笔蘸浓墨以中锋画缚菜的草束。要掌握画草束的时间,迟了叶柄水分已干,画上去的草束就会浮起来。如果太早,草束的墨色会漫糊开来,影响其质感。总之要干湿得当,渗化适度。
③根据红萝卜的圆形结构,用一支干净的短锋羊毫笔蘸胭脂调合一下,分左右两笔画出萝卜的球茎。同时注意适当地在中间留些空白,以表现萝卜的高光,然后又用较深的颜色点须画根。再用同一支笔洗一下,蘸朱磦底画胡萝卜。为了加强胡萝卜的质感,可在朱磦底里调点胭脂。画时,同样要注意胡萝卜的造型特点,依据结构运笔。
④再用同一支笔洗净后蘸藤黄加花青调成汁绿。为了色调和谐,可在汁绿里再少量调点朱磦底,画出红萝卜叶柄的基部,然后又添画上小小的萝卜叶。两片萝卜的叶子要注意稍分浓淡。最后用中羊毫笔调赭墨画上蘑菇,画时同样要注意几只蘑菇的不同方向和前后层次。
牵牛花画法
①先画藤蔓:用长锋小狼毫笔调淡墨去画,用笔要悬腕中锋,轻快舒缓之中见遒劲,墨色要稍有变化,笔尖含水要干一点,以表现枝蔓的坚韧柔软。枝蔓是全画的架子,因此,要注意全局的位置经营。
②次画叶子:用短锋大羊毫笔调次浓墨去画,注意在蘸墨时要使笔头各部位含墨含水分量不同,这样一笔下去叶片即有浓淡变化。画叶要依据牵牛花叶片特点,每叶分三笔画成。点叶要注意疏密大小和方向的区别。
③用长锋小狼毫笔蘸浓墨勾出叶脉。换用一支干净的短锋中羊毫笔,用胭脂加花青调成紫红色画花冠。牵牛花花冠上部色深,基部呈白色,因此用笔时要根据这个特点在花心留出空白,花型要圆润,色泽要饱满。两朵花要分浓淡。又蘸较深的花色点出未放的花蕾,注意花蕾与主花间的呼应。
④用三绿加一点藤黄,调成淡绿色染花蕊底色,趁湿又用短锋羊毫调藤黄加白,一笔画上花蕊。然后用长锋小狼毫蘸浓墨画上花托,又添上浓浓淡淡的藤蔓,使全画完整起来。最后略加苔点,使画面增添变化。
花球画法
①先画花球:用长锋小狼毫调淡墨逐个勾出组成花球的一朵朵小花。用墨要略分浓淡,花形要有变化,使花球有立体感。接着用短锋大羊毫调成浓绿蘸墨分组画上叶子。
②用长锋小狼毫笔蘸浓墨勾叶脉。勾时把叶子分成上下两组,上边一组的叶脉墨色较深,下面一组叶子的叶脉用墨稍淡,以分出前后两组的层次。换用一支长锋狼毫笔调淡墨画枝干。随画随加浓墨,用较干的墨色去画较小的枝干。
③再用较淡的绿添画几笔嫩叶,增加叶子的又一个层次。接着用长锋小狼毫笔蘸浓墨画出花球里的花柄,用墨要较干,使浓重的墨色衬托出洁净的花球。接着在叶间添画一团掩藏着的花球,方法与前同。
④最后用长锋羊毫笔调藤黄加三绿。淡淡地染上花色。趁湿用藤黄调朱磦底点花蕊。渲染花球既要染出立体感,又要注意花色的洁净。
枇杷画法
①用大号斗笔浸些清水,又挤去笔肚里过多的水分,乘湿蘸上墨,稍微在调色盆里调合一下。注意不要调得太"熟",使笔肚中含的墨色浓淡不匀方好。这时开始顺笔画叶子,随画又要随时蘸点水,使画上去的几片叶子既有浓淡的变化,又有滋润丰厚的感觉。
②淡墨中锋勾出枇杷轮廓,注意用笔的圆正,以表现枇杷果实的立体感。接着用浓墨画完枝干。待叶子略干,换一支叶筋笔蘸上浓墨趁潮在叶子上勾出叶脉。勾叶脉时,笔端要稍干些,可用废纸把笔上蘸的墨吸去少许后再勾。前后几片叶子的叶脉要分浓淡,故画后面叶子时,可调点清水后去画,但注意笔端仍须稍干,以免漫糊。
③等枇杷的墨色已干,用一支干净的羊毫笔蘸藤黄调点朱磦上枇杷圆形的结构用笔,以表现枇把的立体感。
④趁色尚湿,用浓墨点上果蒂。果蒂要点得稍大,用笔稍重,使笔尖稍微叉开,以表现枇杷蒂毛茸茸的质感。最后用调进少许藤黄的淡螺青点染枝干,加上苔点,使画面更丰富完整。
玉兰画法
①先画花瓣:用长锋小狼毫笔调淡墨色花瓣。墨色要洁净,用笔要爽快。为表现玉兰花瓣比较厚重的白色,可趁勾勒花瓣的墨色未干之际,再在瓣尖上加上小小的两点浓墨。接着用短锋大羊毫笔调淡墨染花底,染时要见笔。
②趁湿用短锋狼毫蘸浓墨点花蕊,花蕊的墨色会在刚染上去的淡墨花底上稍稍渗开。又用长锋大狼毫蘸浓墨画主干。用墨要稍干,用笔要苍劲,使枝干与洁白圆润的花瓣产生强烈的对比。然后再蘸清水化成次浓墨画横卧着的另一组枝干,画时要注意整幅画面的气势。趁湿再用浓墨点苔。
③接着调淡墨画花蕾和花托。画花蕾不仅要强调与主体花冠的呼应,还应配合整幅画的全局气势。花蕾与枝干的连接要合理,要符合玉兰的生长规律。④趁湿赶紧在花托上用小狼毫笔蘸浓墨点绒毛斑点。这一步要十分注意水分的的掌握,不能等干了再画,否则无论如何也画不出花托绒毛这种茸茸的感觉。最后点苔收拾整理。
推荐临摹书籍
山水
董源《潇湘图》、巨然《万壑松风图》、李成《寒林平野图》、范宽《溪山行旅图》、郭熙《早春图》、李唐《万壑松风图》、马远《踏歌图》《寒江独钓》、夏圭《溪山清远图》、黄公望《富春山居图》、倪瓒、吴镇《渔父图》、王蒙《青卞隐居图》、沈周、石涛、査士标。
花鸟
恽寿平、八大山人、徐熙、徐渭、文同、金农、法常、赵孟頫、管道升、王冕、赵之谦、齐白石等画家的花鸟作品。
人物
梁楷、唐伯虎、任伯年、陈洪绶等画家作品。
学习步骤
临摹
临摹是学习中国画技法的一种便捷方法,对范画可以先局部临摹,也叫分解练习,然后再临摹整幅作品,这样可以学得深秀。临摹尽量要象,“察之者尚精,拟之者贵似”,要通过临摹反复体会其造型方法、用笔方法、墨色变化等。临摹整幅作品时再体会构图特点、主次虚实关系、层次关系、呼应关系、色调变化等等。从临摹中掌握了一定的技法以后再试着进行变化和创造,心中就有数了。
临摹的目的是学习、借鉴他人的技法。临摹与写生相较,写生为主,临摹为次,写生是源,临摹是流。
临,把画放在桌上,对着画。摹,则是用一张透明的薄纸盖在画上,用笔墨描摹。摹画也叫拓画。临摹要防止犯“结壳”“游魂”“附影子”等弊病。“结壳”,即是学习古人或老师的技法,而被之束缚,不能变化、发展。“游魂”,就是东学一点,西学一点,浅尝辄止,不能融会贯通。“附影子”,即只能依赖前人的稿子或一家一派的门户,一离开,便寸步难行,作不出画。
临摹要和默写结合起来,中国画的创作方法很重视默写。提高默写能力要靠深入掌握物象的造型特点和规律及运笔用墨的规律。因此,临摹一定要认真体会。
结合临摹平时要注意多欣赏名家名作,可以反复欣赏品味,此外还要多参观画展,汲取各家之长,开阔眼界,开拓思路,丰富技法手段,提高修养。在观摩和学习时可随时记录一下构图、技法特点、题款内容和自己的感受。只要认真扎实地学习,肯定会有大的进步。
写生
通过写生可以进一步了解自然山水、花鸟和结构及动态规律,可以大量搜集创作素材,锻炼造型能力,进一步丰富知识和绘画技巧,在大自然中得到新鲜的感受。这是提高绘画创作水平必不可少的重要环节。
写生之前要多观察、多分析。写生的工具不必过于讲究,铅笔、钢笔、毛笔都可以,纸张随便,关键是要画得严肃、认真。写生的过程就是学习、观察大自然的过程,达到搜集创作素材提高创作能力的目的。
画外功
与绘画技巧相适应,还需具备多方面的知识。如书法技巧和文学修养都需作相应的提高。这是培养审美观念、增进鉴别能力的基础。只有多读书(小说、散文、诗歌及绘画理论都需要读)、勤练书法才能满足学习绘画的要求。练习书法不仅仅是为了适应题字落款的需要,更重要的是书法也是国画的基本功。要通过练习书法,提高笔线的表现能力,加强墨晕的风骨,以书入画格调情趣自然更高。
创作
初学国画不必急于创作,应先在以上三方面打下扎实的基础,苦练基本功。有了一定的基础后,可以慢慢试着进行创作。
创作阶段
第一阶段可以参考资料,借助别人作品的造型或笔墨技法,按照自己的创作意图去试着创作。这个阶段也叫初级阶段。通过这一阶段可以初步摸索到创作方面的规律。
第二阶段,待掌握了一定的技法之后,便可以较自由地进行创作。这一阶段是巩固和灵活运用技法阶段,通过这个阶段的练习,可使技法更熟练,构图变化更丰富。
第三阶段——成熟阶段。技法的成熟的标志不是按照一个模式的纯熟,而是根据不同意境、感觉、情趣的要求不断变化技法,体现出随机应变、运用自如而又不断创新。这一阶段的追求是情趣的表现及创作内涵的深化,是既有“法”度而又不为法度所束缚。以法作画,千篇一律,以情作画,变化万千。这是高超的技法和高深修养的结合,是我们追求的目的。初学者只要得法,用功,是会达到这一目标的。
学国画素材
花鸟素材
竹子
1、蘸淡墨勾画竹叶,用相同的笔法画出三片为一组的竹叶。依次增加叶子,注意竹叶方向、大小等要有变化,下笔时两头轻中间重。
2、淡墨勾画竹子的主干,待半干后浓墨勾画竹节。最后用淡墨勾画竹子的分支。
牡丹
1、整笔蘸粉色,笔尖蘸曙红画花瓣,依次增加花瓣。画出整朵花头,注意整朵花的形状要错落有变。
2、整笔蘸粉色,笔尖蘸曙红点出花苞,画出左右相邻的小花瓣。最后用淡绿色加胭脂画出花尊。
3、整笔蘸淡绿色,笔尖蘸淡墨侧锋画出整组牡丹叶子。浓墨勾叶筋,墨绿加胭脂画枝条。
麻雀
1、蘸赭石加淡墨侧锋点出鸟的头部,中锋画背羽,侧锋画上下翅。浓墨点斑纹、飞羽、尾羽、眼睛嘴,最后以淡墨画胸腹。
2、赭石加淡墨侧锋画出头部,中锋画背羽,侧锋画上下翅,浓墨画嘴,点眼睛。淡墨画胸腹,浓墨点斑纹、飞羽和尾羽,浓墨中锋画腿,浓墨画爪子。
小鸡
1、蘸中墨侧锋画出头部,侧锋点出翅膀,随后用干墨勾画尾部。浓墨画嘴和眼睛,淡墨画胸部和大腿,待半干时用浓墨勾画脚。
2、蘸浓墨,行侧锋画出头部,侧锋画翅膀,淡墨画胸部和大腿,最后浓墨勾画嘴、脚。
翠鸟
1、蘸三青点出鸟的头部,运侧锋画出身子和上下翅。采浓墨画嘴、尾羽、飞羽并点上眼睛。用钛白点鸟身斑纹,淡赭石染胸部,朱砂染嘴与鸟爪,最后用藤黄染眼珠。
2、三青加花青点出头部,用浓墨画出眼睛并勾画嘴巴,再画出头上的毛。三青加花青画鸟毛,用淡赭石画出腹部,浓墨勾画轮廓,朱砂染嘴和勾画鸟爪,藤黄染眼珠。
喜鹊
蘸浓墨勾画嘴和眼睛,浓墨画头部和颈羽。蘸中墨侧锋行笔画胸腹,画背羽留白羽,浓墨画翅羽,并为其添加尾羽。淡墨中锋行笔画胸腹,腿爪用浓墨勾画,鹅黄染眼珠。
学国画的好处
学国画是一件非常陶冶情操的事情,不仅能解放人的天性、给人带来满足感、成就感,而且还会在作品中实现对自我的肯定。
1、学国画是人生良伴。人的一生分为很多阶段,少年时,可以以画言志;青壮年时,生活压力巨大,可以以画解压;等到年过中年,孩子都已成家立业,自己也临近退休,内心难免会有孤独之感,此时可以画画消遣。学国画的人,随着自己的文化积淀,艺术修养的不断提升,他的画作也如陈年老酒,愈发醇香,愈发动人。
2、学国画能陶冶情操。学习国画讲求的是意境,讲究内涵,真、善、美。通过笔墨抒发感情,培养艺术气息,陶冶情操。艺术气息会一直伴随着你,生活中有了艺术,你会感觉到自己的世界都是带着诗情画意。
3、学国画能提高审美。中国画具有简练、概括的特点,在学国画时,注意力集中,执笔、行笔要运气用力,这样就养成了良好的学习习惯,不仅可以培养学习能力、理解能力,而且还可以提高审美能力和学习兴趣。
%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"学国画是一件非常陶冶情操的事情,不仅能解放人的天性,给人带来满足感、成就感,而且还会在作品中实现对自我的肯定。学国画的人,随着自己的文化积淀、艺术修养的不断提升,所作的画作也如陈年老酒,愈发醇香,愈发动人。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WCwKdeaU2oYWQwxMHRQc7iL2nAg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"工具","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QqEmdewuQoIgmSxaSWqcdS3Pncf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"首先要熟悉工具,选择一套合适的工具来作画。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"C4IGdya6CoMGQgxhcABcLHvJnqH"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LuAOdEcaCoYqoMxQLs5cTQPqn4e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"国画使用的笔统称为毛笔,根据制笔的毫料不同可分为软毫、硬毫和兼毫三种。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"I2uadM2GwoomCUxK2KVcW1FNnLg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"软毫笔以羊毫为多,鸡毫次之。羊毫笔有长锋、中锋、短锋之别,各有不同的表现力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IC2ydCGgIoiKM8xa0eDcAS6xn5b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"硬毫笔一般弹力较强、劲健锋利,易于掌握和使用,其中狼毫笔和紫毫笔使用较多。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HCiodwcWkokoksx65wRcYGOMnhf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"兼毫笔是两种以上不同质的毫料兼制而成,此笔软硬适中,适于勾线,也适于渲染用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Bm4sd4iGOoCumyxm4zWcnKlSnBf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"画工笔可以选择准备勾线笔(1-2根)、大中小号白云羊毫笔(约3根)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"R8eKdU6y0o0WmcxIuYkcTDcxnUj"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"画写意,准备硬毫笔(长锋短锋各备一支),如狼毫、猪鬃、兔毫等,兼毫备一支即可。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AuaEdQiySo6gckx29jyc06RHnHf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"提示","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Wig4dQMkaoEogox4ghocp1vcnmc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔一开始不要买太多,常用的基本永远都是那几支。画熟练了再添置,书法写废了的毛笔也可以用来染色或者画山水。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NkKydQMc8oAo0sxMPzscUvMdnWc"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":788,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"提示","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/aa31073262e7435891b0079bf9d26f4e","width":720},"text":"","id":"RU4odeAoGo62qSxWO8Ac3BpenNh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":613,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"提示","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8ca29c9bf9874c70ab5f446996d49441","width":720},"text":"","id":"Pk0GdaOGkoWcWMxegMMcVpmZnNd"}],"text":"","id":"TE4idYMkAowaoaxIJ9WcF0cUnse"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔架","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TE4idYMkAowaoaxIJ9WcF0cUnse"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔架就是架笔之物,是传统文房用具之一。在构思或暂息时用以置笔,以免毛笔污损他物。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IqGydqQkwokWkQxQMaDc4SA5n1F"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":213,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔架","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b7c497564bfe491dbc9a1950bceb7656","width":419},"text":"","id":"Qkkgd4CEaoEssAxg9XScyqiUnYf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"调色盘","id":""}],"text":"","id":"W8C4d82mSoIcgQxYz7dcuLy0nJc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"调色盘就是调和颜料的容器,是不可缺少的文房用具。其形状通常为圆形,呈梅花状,但也有方形或其他不规则形状,质地以陶瓷类较多,而小碟子形态的调色盘造价比较低廉,通常为初学者或业余人士使用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VI6adUiEoo0SSsxmEgAcDSJxnod"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":319,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"调色盘","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/58843f4ce362446ba7b0c94bb58ad6f6","width":326},"text":"","id":"My42dgooQocAQKxWqUJc01KIntg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":276,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"调色盘","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/aa1ac610435f490eb1fb6300d006a9ac","width":284},"text":"","id":"VE8edAEWGo4yQ8xotmbc5Q9en7b"}],"text":"","id":"WymadYAguoY60yx23W9cjxAYnNh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"墨汁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WymadYAguoY60yx23W9cjxAYnNh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中国传统绘画尤重用墨,笔以达气,墨以生韵。用墨表现画面的气韵,求得生动是很重要的。中国之墨经用笔引发和水的渗化,可变化出浓、淡、干、湿、黑、白不同层次的色彩感。古人谓之“五墨六彩”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Uc0admkGEoAyymxkD8Rc2ooUnYc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"以墨代色,力求单纯、明快、概括,是中国画的独特创造。以墨代色的不同变化,表现各种色彩感觉,富有浪漫主义的处理特色。中国画在设色方面突破了自然物固有的约束,代之以感情的意匠色彩。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PGeEd6IsOo2Q0uxsHJSc3HLyn1b"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐墨汁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UKqAdyiGko4ueAxSADSceZvqnKb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"墨有很多种,市场上常见的用于绘画的墨主要有株式会社墨运堂出品的玄宗墨汁,北京一得阁的云头艳,红星墨液,北京墨汁,中华墨汁,曹素功墨汁,珠江墨汁等等。不同墨对于绘画有直接影响。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SU2gdSM2IowaYsxOuqJckHY0nNd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、进口玄宗墨汁有两种:一种是红星玄宗,一种是进口玄宗,其特点是浓墨显得很厚重,淡墨显得很润泽,不含混。下图是用进口玄宗墨汁绘制的国画效果图。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XiAKdg0y6o4ycMxmqwecFJ1fn4b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":518,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐墨汁","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/97efa27fcaba4da0b72938b8850e1458","width":335},"text":"","id":"RSGedeCGwoK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或胭脂调和后为紫色。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EIwEdo6Ygo8kCoxsvMIcl6TDncg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"藤黄:植物类,是藤本植物的树脂所制,有毒不能入口。铅管装藤黄有一定遮盖能力。在山水、花鸟、人物画中,既可单独使用,又可与其他许多颜料或墨(可调成橄榄绿)调和使用,用途广泛。与洋红、朱膘或胭脂可调出橙色,与赭石调和可成檀色。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EaOodkQqgoI0y2xA7ybcGu09nri"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"洋红:又称西洋红、曙红。植物类或人工合成,半透明,在花鸟画中,多单独或调和后,用于画花、红叶、蔬果,用途广泛。在山水画众多用于画亭台、屋顶、红叶等,在人物画众多用于面、唇、底饰等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DEYmdSmecoqa0OxC4uFcNBIHnqc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"胭脂:植物类,为胭脂花制品,半透明。在山水画中用于春天的桃花与秋天的红叶,在花鸟画中可用于画紫红色蔬果、翎毛、花、叶、芽苞,也有用其点花心、勾叶筋的。在人物画中,可用于画人物、棉布、衣饰、花卉配景等。胭脂与曙红、朱膘可调出各种红色系的色相。调入墨则成紫色,调入赭则成赭色胭脂。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MqamdsEyUoy0EExeyTdciiMdnGf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"大红:与曙红色彩相近,略淡于曙红。用法与曙红类同。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EUekd2Cy0oSWikxQIsncubArn8P"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"颜色调配方法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TGCcdgeWkoKigkxWYGzcmPM9nVb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"颜料中任何一种颜色加入白色都会使之变为粉色或变淡颜色。本颜料与颜料之间可以任意调配使用,若要稀释时只要加少许清水即可。丙烯颜料在水分挥发后即干透,因此作画时对程序要心中有数,以使笔触衔接自然,达到预想效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BaKWd64syoMwK4xNdTDcdTXEnOY"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、草绿:约70%花青+30%藤黄调配而成,画工笔花卉的叶子最常用的色彩之一。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YMYmdMig2oYqSYxSybPc4ANcnoc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、汁绿:约80%藤黄+15%花青+5%朱磦调和成的嫩绿色,常用来作为反叶的底色和嫩叶的底色。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SkGgdskm0oKwmyxqoxUc3OT3nwg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、老绿:草绿中微加墨或微加点胭脂,常用来罩染处于暗部的叶子色彩,薄薄的老绿也可用来渲染反叶。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YskEd2SeMoiWCcxyoVtcczeznic"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、檀香色:约70%藤黄+20%朱磦+10%三绿调配而成,加大量水以后常用来刷背景,也可作为嫩芽和托叶的底色。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VeuGdwsqoogS0SxSuz4cnXYsncf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、米黄:约70%藤黄+30%赭石,主要用来刷背景,在重彩画的绘制中打一层米黄底色容易取得色彩和谐。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SwU6dGcaqo6iIyxIDfyclf0anac"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、三绿:石绿+白色而得,白色加的越多则就变成四绿、五绿等。三青、四青等色彩也是同理。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Omeodi0UAoAeYQxs49QczWDSnGh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"7、老赭:朱磦+墨调和而成,接近熟褐色。常用来提染枝干或提染叶面被虫咬蚀的部分。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WYQ0dC6WsosKkIxcFhkccU28ngf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"8、胭脂水:胭脂色+大量水调和而成。主要用来复勒线条,曙红水、花青水等说法同理","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DgYad2C6YoiEmGxUbxRcu1aMn7f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"9、豆绿色(三绿+藤黄+少许酞青蓝)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Z6QgdwA86oOakixQ5CjcmteAn1f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"10、墨红色(曙红+稍许墨)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TGuIdcUAkoEiwExozZLc5FWHntg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"11、赭绿色(赭石+草绿)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EgcqdUgm4oeSq6xS26NcFNLbnpf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"12、古铜色(朱磦+墨+少许藤黄+少许曙红)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"E8yOdM6s8oGsAkxqy0gcAwZHnFg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"13、汁绿色(草绿+藤黄+少许朱磦)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HOSSdiIeUouqU0xxGhncfMdQnv0"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"14、灰绿色(三绿+少许墨)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IGeCdOWU2oQmCuxUVsecJfYPn1c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"15、芽绿色(汁绿+藤黄)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BiumdsQUMoyg0KxAt1dcoOKIntg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"16、米黄色(藤黄+朱磦+少许墨)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IyAwdiUI6oYY0ExQxLwcjug4nmb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"17、桔黄色(藤黄+朱磦)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Miq2dMcwKoo8GQx48E6cl93JnDd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"18、墨青色(花青+墨)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"M2AqdEO0qoMasUxsb0OclJ1NnDh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"19、藏青蓝(酞青蓝+墨+少许石青)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"M4KAde8scosaOSxAZnXc99oknNh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"20、绛红色(胭脂+朱磦+少许墨)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YiuQdagysoaGAKx2bN0cyTu0nTg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"21、紫色(曙红+少许酞青蓝)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Nu0idIeeYomUwsxukW6cI9lznzh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"22、墨绿色(草绿+少许墨)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"F48sduamyoWuikxQf6rcAIGXnNf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"23、老绿色(草绿+少许胭脂)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Pi26dmoCyoMSIuxcjCjcH1a9ncd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"24、翠绿色(酞青蓝+藤黄+少许翡翠绿)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OwIudC8UCogwaMx9z2OczONDncp"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"25、褐色(赭石+墨)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"W8QudCUQsoMoGSxKOlAcEwGXnIg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"26、檀香色(藤黄+朱磦+少许三绿)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DG4qdQcC2o2eQKx8ZCTcDtAOnjd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"27、蓝灰色(花青+白粉+少许三青)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GCWCdqU6Ioe8SYxMj95cQxcfnBf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","tex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","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZOKSdSmMSoMka4x2F05cAup6nSg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DqmwdS4mWo0aEAx4GOlchOIBnnd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"现在市场上有各种各样的镇纸,可以根据自己的需求购买。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RYC8dYWK8occIkxeSHMcWRu6nUf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、Noritake则武宫崎骏龙猫TOTORO站立水晶镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Zkimd8eCsoqIKyxYjKwcv0WPnmf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":282,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/57243f0c12ac4ac2a2d4f06ca9f30184","width":305},"text":"","id":"OYqQdyqw2oioi4x6BHXc87uvnje"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、青云笔社小鹅镇秦陵水禽系列镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"H8wGdqcWKoaU0gxETpkcLPljnVf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":308,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0b5898d8282046db82d471464c2fb4cd","width":289},"text":"","id":"Imk4daag2o6EwmxeKnVcfm49nSe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、弘可手工铸铁小猫咪镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ayeydg28soweKixOoZOcnzBAnkf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":227,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/20c06990d731480aacfe82d517c892de","width":243},"text":"","id":"KcmIdOyWaogmmgx2BbKc2vWTnzc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、臻言粉莲水晶镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TGCQdaIy8ougQ4xiAkycMsi1npb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":295,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3a58f33ef43a4205ad248c4132fd7f0f","width":476},"text":"","id":"LscAdyscGoACsix64rMcsswPnZf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、御宝阁纯手工景德镇手绘陶瓷镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TImydQeIIoC4wwxSKgqcLlapnzb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"手工绘制的陶瓷镇纸有两款可选,一个是葫芦蟋蟀,还有是墨趣。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VOqidQW0Io4cYAxuq9jcl35Gnzd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":289,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e914f07368d245248e45ac3d19b562b3","width":430},"text":"","id":"Q44SdguKCoqs6ex6dmmceKZQnYb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、臻言加重款国画蓝图方镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LKgGdiCwQoMqKoxc5AEceJRKn8b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":201,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/394dffaedd0b4c2f83a8ef9448a78c16","width":474},"text":"","id":"J8uAdCYwYo6EEaxkrilc9yXunTc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"7、臻言原创加重款云山书画镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NqcYdgOIqoAaO2xaMLic5nOUnre"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":364,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b55ab0ed8ab445a4aa200f10913b4b60","width":493},"text":"","id":"YQEydyi42ogEcKxaTBUc5AgFnP0"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔洗","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AwskdcgCKo6uYcxaoFwcbPi8n7g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔洗是一种传统工艺品,属于文房四宝笔、墨、纸、砚之外的一种文房用具,是用来盛水洗笔的器皿,以形制乖巧、种类繁多、雅致精美而广受青睐,传世的笔洗中,有很多是艺术珍品。笔洗有很多种质地,包括瓷、玉、玛瑙、珐琅、象牙和犀角等,基本都属于名贵材质。各种笔洗中,最常见的是瓷笔洗。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ca0wdKqaAoyk4OxBD5ecz7TTnxT"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔洗的作用是可以润笔,在绘画中,许多用水特技都是靠笔洗来实现。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HSu8dmoacouEUex6IgycJGgInMh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"初学者预算不够可以随便找个水桶代替。推荐几个笔洗的店铺荣宝斋、宝霆容山堂/RONGSHANGTANG、赋比兴等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"W8YqdIoKmoOCkqxy2B6ccbJvnUe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":323,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔洗","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f7532f28ee394cd9b403dfb752bf910b","width":422},"text":"","id":"GYISd6ew4oUiggxfl3hcCB2knqI"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"毛毡","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OW40dKaswoiwAqxuIiqcOFGVn4g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"制作书画毡的材料主要是羊毛或化纤,因材料和工艺的差别,而产出各式各样的书画毡。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RQ6kd8gMMoGgIuxsnEPcGD0dnre"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用它衬在宣纸下面,防止画画时的墨汁、颜色等渗透到宣纸背面的桌面上、进而污染宣纸,弄得画面上一塌糊涂;衬了毛毡,因为毛毡不吸水,就不会发生上述现象了。画国画用的毛毡在国画用品商店里有售,大小不一,根据自己的画幅大小选购。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZaOWdqUmuoGcKAxKImqcuPcqnhg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"初学者用一块常见的带有米字格的书画毡就差不多,市面上这类书画毡有50厘米×50厘米的,也有50厘米×70厘米的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HwSgdC6y8o2qMQxiaidc6Woln8f"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":342,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"毛毡","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/5c331930a1624282be0d17bd4a607c02","width":600},"text":"","id":"E2CMd2ewUoOCiKxEpVpcZ5znnAb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"购买之前,务必看清楚毛毡的大小。然后看毛毡上米字格的大小,一般毛毡上的格子大小为10厘米,小一点的毛毡的格子可能是9厘米的。可以看厚度,以这种印有米字格的书画毡来说,质量特别次的毛毡都不会太厚,有时候墨汁太多还真有可能透过去。厚度2毫米以上的毛毡,对于国画初学者来说就够了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QIUadsS04oAKkUxQvg1cGyrUnkh"},{"type":"paragr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","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IyKqdYcSIoSQEOxgvxjcK5N3nOf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":552,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a17d188e11e74dbb8a5a8c5e1d042a7a","width":419},"text":"","id":"MkWOdKg8womiE0xNUegclekznzB"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔——勾勒细腻精巧的叫工笔,工即工整工细之意,敷色也层也渲染,显得浑厚浓重。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XYqsdo6cGoQQ8WxaQbdcSqLun5d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔画是通过线条去观察、反映事物的,根据事物在轮廓和外表上的明确特征来了解事物。线条连绵不断、细密均匀,贯穿着整个事物形体的始终,表现出蓬勃灵动而精工逼真的视觉外貌。因此,线条成为画面的统领者,其视觉观察的方式是客观而具体的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ci4AdekCCoQoOOxOUTZczfhxn2d"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":464,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/83f4ec74e2274ab896eb97716b139b2b","width":503},"text":"","id":"HISYdccQGouIqMxMTZDcMfJUnwh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"写意——只写物象的大意,用笔简练流畅,笔墨自然,不用色的写意画,又称“水墨画”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"N2akdo4cKoa46sxgbH3ciPnZnjg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":418,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7ab4a9407042489d9cfaee0597cf3fda","width":615},"text":"","id":"BQo2dWOSyoYiGmxUjBfcqRQInRg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"勾勒着色——亦称“单线平涂”。它用笔先勾出物象边线,中间用墨或用色平涂。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZysYd8QGWo8OMExoT1HcfN9RnPc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":300,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f95bbf90a263427abe21e98eeaa39848","width":400},"text":"","id":"UIasduq0yo6scixyKIrc70Cxnag"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"粗细相间——亦称“兼工带写”。它比工笔要粗,比写意要工。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TUI0dyKScoIwgyxU7QKctpDYnYe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":1159,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4b6a43c83c5f499892d8fd5bd085b460","width":640},"text":"","id":"B0mQdgwuQoYMOMxe07FcgU7bn8d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"粗中有细——如花草画得粗,但绕花飞动的小虫、蝴蝶、或蜻蜓等则画得很细。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VyI6dEeaqomQA8xoLb3cX0W0nZc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":549,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7c53e5df871044d9ae06de6690b34c71","width":375},"text":"","id":"KC8udSOq0oSQamxqaGYcoVLVnLf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"没骨法——一般不用墨线勾轮廓。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CIcgdQw0GoCQEgxCYzvcFE7tn6b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":895,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/aa45b0531e1b4882906302a75b418c63","width":640},"text":"","id":"B2uUdW2qKoQwKwxIrOncf7K8ntd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"泼墨法——是没骨法的扩展,用大块墨色,再运用自然形成的浓淡,加上较细的笔道,有的地方还露出飞白,这样才见精神。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RA4OdWIE4oi62mxIphHcLLZPnMd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":641,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c449c22ed9db49f7a92b956127ca3ae5","width":640},"text":"","id":"ZEk0d022wokGukxYjuhcpaJ9npd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"界画——一部或大部分用直尺画墨线组成的画,主要表现庄严雄韦的建筑物,如宫殿、庙宇、楼阁、亭台、水榭等,以及整齐精致的家具陈设等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Xw66dUWu6oQqwmxoNoWcZ5Cnn3e"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":658,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/39e9f26ad9df4720b0dccf043134bf3d","width":658},"text":"","id":"FgGydEcwiossIYxCJf6cOqtUnmI"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"设色","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IekIdUsMcosIAAxSoM5cNlxzn7d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"设色即六法中的“随类赋彩”。不同的色彩赋不同的感情,画家往往用色彩来表达他的感情。中国画常用的颜色有墨、藤黄、石黄、土黄、胭脂、洋红、朱砂、朱膘、赭石、花青、石青(可分头青、二青、三青等三种)、石绿(也分头绿、二绿、三绿等三种),白粉等。但基本颜色只有红、黄、蓝三种,即洋红、藤黄和花青。把上面的颜色加以配合,可以调出许多种颜色来。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FaAodeGyooCYAyxMn81cG5NFnhr"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":1200,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"设色","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/538d351861514acb9ac7514b0dcda515","width":800},"text":"","id":"PyAkdqAMyo4Ai2xyaQEclA37nKf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"墨彩","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WcGidW0WCoGAGExqglEcvp1tn8d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔花鸟画中配彩法的一种。即对形象勾线或不勾线,完全用墨的浓淡来表现的叫墨彩。墨彩以淡雅为佳,因它用浓墨的面积不宜过大、过多,因为重墨多易使画面产生沉浊之感,但亦不能淡而失神,要使浓淡相宜,才具有清新神韵的效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QiGodSk2eoM288xVE7Ic9tbcnxf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":493,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"墨彩","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a6860a91fc0444f3b6688f5dbf80bdb3","width":524},"text":"","id":"CguEdamw0o8gmCx4rEwcVs2Unqb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"淡彩","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZgwadAyWioOiQixqigXc1jJgn9f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔花鸟画中配彩法的一种。即先墨彩的方法把对象画到八九分,然后用淡薄的色彩稍作渲染的叫淡彩。淡彩要做到色不碍墨、墨不离色,既能融合一体,又能显示墨的韵味,才能产生一种淡雅、朴素的效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IaucdcImyoKUwsxQP8ccHfl2nkd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":463,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"淡彩","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/41fe9b515ef54a3da7b98adaf6d0a955","width":640},"text":"","id":"Q0eadwC88oomeQxCOuDc2LZgnEc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"粉彩","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WIgidM648okMeqxKgQZcClkBnsd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔花鸟画中配彩法的一种。在表现方法上多用于勾染和没骨。在颜色运用上以植物颜色和白粉为主,以水彩和淡薄的矿物质色为辅。粉彩勾线切忌用一色的浓墨,而要施淡墨为主。因为墨丝过浓和粉彩相并,则容易显得枯僵,缺乏妍丽。调粉的色彩不宜过厚,但也不能太淡薄,过淡则无神,要做到薄中见厚。粉彩用粉是重要关键。粉和色要用到晕化自然,不露粉痕,不显料气,干净滋润,才能发挥粉彩鲜明娇丽的特点。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EE88dWiWgo8EEaxuUircxgkQnT8"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":720,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"粉彩","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f1b7cdb4942648cca37ed66f43cb449a","width":1280},"text":"","id":"YGa8deIEkosOyCxkFDGcfOKRnye"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"重彩","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K2w4diuQWoGgskx67jScG3jqnGe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔花鸟画中配彩法的一种。重彩勾勒勾染的方法,并以服务态度和物质色为主,因用色比较厚重,所以色感较富丽带有装饰性称为重彩。重彩渲染要作到薄中见厚,厚中生津,染不露痕,深浅自然。切忌脏、花、斑、枯、火、腻等。这些毛病多出于顺序不对,用笔不轻顺,用色过厚或厚薄不匀。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K8cqdYAKYoKO28x4MBDc3GIanNe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":487,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"重彩","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/763fe3f55b10419ab0b5788a953e50d3","width":491},"text":"","id":"Wg0adkugComCEKxAVNRcdNhvnAf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"线描","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DOo4dCiayo8SMwxeO9Ycv4U7nme"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中国民族绘画的主要造型手段。是构成中国画民族风格的一个要素。线描是运用线的轻重、浓淡、粗细、方圆、转折、顿挫、虚实、长短、干湿、刚柔、疾徐等不同的笔法来表现物象的体积、形态、质感、量感和运动感的一种方法。它不着颜色,有时可有一些淡墨来略加渲染,具有独特的表现形式和造型规律,并富有韵味。用线的变化,要与造型的形式美紧密相连。其线或刚健、或婀娜、或轻灵、或凝重,由于用笔多变遂产生极为丰富的感觉。中国画用线造型的历史悠久,通过历代画家的长期实践和不断地创造,积累了大量的极为丰富的线描技法经验,仅画人物衣褶的描法就有“十八描”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VuwSdgy8QoiuEQxWfQ7cEN6sn66"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用线描来造型的特点是清晰、简练、富有装饰性,可以完美地刻划各种现象,表现出千变万化的各种物象的新的生命。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EAuWdO04yoo66SxWqGlcUIqMn0b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":725,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"线描","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d5798f6f71eb41f6961cd2daddf656a4","width":581},"text":"","id":"HuIgdesUKouG0OxslVicyP2PnTd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"白描","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DO8qdswg4oOmIKxchB0clfHtnyh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中国画中完全用线条来表现物象的称“白描”。白描有单勾和复勾两种。用线一次成的单勾。单勾有用一色墨勾成的,也有根据不同对象用浓淡两种墨勾成的,例如花用淡墨勾,叶用浓墨勾。复勾是先用淡墨全部勾好,然后根据表面具体情况决定复勾一部分或全部。复勾的线不能依原路的线刻板地重迭地勾一道。复勾的目的,是加重质感和浓淡的变化,使物象显得更有神彩。复勾的线必须流畅自然,更防止受原线路的约束,否则复勾的线很易呆板。物象的形、神、光、色、体积、质感等关系就靠线条来表现,从某咱意义上说来,它比别的画法更不易掌握。白描要特别注意“朴素简洁”、“概括明确”的特点。在构图上的取舍力求单纯,对虚实、疏密要偏重于对比较强烈的安排,层次要分明,在线的处理上要带有装饰性、旋律性,防止碎乱、呆板、松散等毛病。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VgiGdMa4wouaKaxsvefcpHYznEC"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":1025,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"白描","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8381750d01824193bcccd16eceb4163c","width":708},"text":"","id":"GgKedkqsAouqy0xyl8lckvFznpb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"刘公华白描仕女图","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TUUedwEMYoyKmGx5YnBcszIPnyK"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"皴法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KeWudmeuAooYmgxF6AccWkZWnJH"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"国画表现技法之一。早期山水画的主要表现手法,是以线条勾勒轮廓,然后敷色。随着绘画的发展,为了表现山石树木的脉络纹路和(凸凹),因地质的结构不同,表现在山岳的外形上也各不相同。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HcQ4dgmQsomiUux05AmcqsMLnS6"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":1215,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"皴法","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/76985dc552b247529e286cda5a55b53b","width":614},"text":"","id":"Ju8udkKcUogGUMx8S0WcqwepnBb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"石涛深山秋水图","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MMoId6GyUoKWicxuqb1cPOHMnze"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"皴法的种类","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SIeUdE0okouyYOxAnY1cdmS9nig"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一般有(1)披麻皴、(2)乱麻皴、(3)芝麻皴、(4)大斧劈、(5)小斧劈皴、(6)卷云皴、(7)雨点皴(雨雪皴)、(8)弹涡皴、(9)荷叶皴、(10)矾头皴、(11)骷髅皴、(12)鬼皮皴、(13)解索皴、(14)、乱柴皴、(15)牛毛皴、(16)马牙皴、(17)斫皴、(18)点错皴;(19)豆瓣皴、(20)刺梨皴(豆瓣皴之变)、(21)破网皴、(22)折带皴、(23)泥里拨钉皴、(24)拖泥带水皴、(25)金碧皴、(26)没骨皴、(27)直擦皴、(28)横擦皴等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Aq8cdKc4koa2y4xKM2ec7Hkhn9g"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"墨法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WecAdyeUoosiWUxqSyac6C5mnwq"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"古人说“墨即是色”,浓淡水墨可代替各种色彩。用墨要有浓淡干湿,只干不湿太瘠枯,只湿不干太臃肿,浓淡干湿结合起来,变化多,生动而有气韵。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QMi4de24moCG0oxARHscb9KmnOe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"用墨之法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IgmadOW2moWgmSxigdwcGcXjnbc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一般有焦墨、积墨、破墨、擂墨等。焦墨是一种磨得极浓的墨,用焦墨的旁边须有浓淡墨为之晕浑,否则焦墨孤立,难见笔意。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Fi2gdm4mAoSkcmxykHQcLEEwnJd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"积墨:用浓墨和淡墨连敷几次,有一种深厚的味道。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IKKodqUCqoWQYoxYtZucbZJxngd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"破墨:先用淡墨上纸,趁湿用湿墨加上,化出奇纱的韵味。拧在纸上捺转,略似鱼鳞,由浓渐淡,参差不齐,谓之擂墨。所以用墨和用笔不分不开的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FeUYdII6Ao8CyixWYQWcTIm7nKb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"用笔六要","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AkWSdUyk2oeqaaxgxMycxtGnnqg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一要自然有力,切忌呆滞。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MgwUdEmQCoy24OxywMqccv1fnpq"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"二要变化而有联系,要将粗、细、浓、淡、长、短、横、直、干、湿、轻、重根据物象参差需用,既有变化,还要互相联系。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IkEwdOiwIoC6i6xGeifcbRuwnPf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"三要苍老而滋润,苍老就显出含蓄的笔力,用笔光滑就显得雅嫩,过于苍老亦易枯燥,故须在苍老中滋润,也就是干湿并用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KK0WdaUqIoCQ0AxGFHFcgL2Hnsb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"四要松灵而凝炼,松灵比自然更进一步,要活泼轻松有生趣,切忌油滑、轻浮,轻松之中要有重厚,凝练是一笔画去到尽端有回锋。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PC6QdsqcYo4YC0xdCi4chTaPnJN"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"五要刚柔相济,即在轻柔中有骨力。所谓“线棉裹铁”才能稳厚,刚健的锋中要参以巧运,“扛鼎中有妩媚。”故一笔中要能刚健婀娜兼有之。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SCiAdQeUmoyakKxUFiyccL1vnTd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"六要巧拙互用,用笔朴质显得老实,故要在巧笔中夹几笔拙,在拙笔中夹几笔巧,应巧拙互用,方为得法。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JAIydWGImo4AuwxA5EOchZpvnhg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"国画笔法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"N80qdKkIqoEegIxuabdc9501nLe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"讲基本运笔技法之前我们要先了解握笔的姿势。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PG8EdIqOcoyIooxY7jScEUU6nUf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":720,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"国画笔法","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/fea3659ff3dd4b6da012c7a055f68899","width":720},"text":"","id":"QUgSdqommoQy2KxkXe1cUPp7nTe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"国画的笔法有六种,分别是中锋、侧锋、逆锋、拖锋、折钗股与屋漏痕、飞白锋。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WkoadosWaosIk0xG5BKcKD3dnob"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"中锋","id":""}],"text":"","id":"J28adcUQso26ACxmgescrkcDn3g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中锋即锥形毛笔笔尖在毛笔的运行过程中,始终处在用笔的中心位置。中锋用笔是中国画用笔方法的首要特征。其特点是:笔力饱满,内涵丰富。外柔内刚,极富表现力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"T8IOd8qQ0o4okYxOqewcHqtfnvc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":667,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"中锋","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3223481cd799429dbb6657ee9fa19232","width":720},"text":"","id":"Sm66dA0WwoEcaWxmCJLcGF76n11"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"侧锋","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K88kduUUUoUYyaxmGnwcPFaanCc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"侧锋的执笔是把笔管横卧或倾斜。与纸成各种角度,笔尖不在墨线中间,笔尖在墨线一侧,并出现飞白的效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VwqcdEwO8o4uq6xUpaWc7S98nXc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":572,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"侧锋","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e276677b0d4f491e92805d832b573a28","width":720},"text":"","id":"EmU8do20co6EEyxiOeRcoKTVnkg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"逆锋","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PMIydG0GUoGAy4xWAobcHFJ0nWb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"逆锋是相对于正手位置顺行方向的反方向毛笔运行方法。逆锋运笔阻力增大,笔锋聚散,松紧变化不同于顺笔意味。特点是笔力刚硬,力透纸背,但缺少柔劲。不可常用,适可而止。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AqGwdYyEMoOqeixQrakcD6uAnae"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":641,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"逆锋","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/5459b9bc97d34767b4e7214de5dcb0d1","width":720},"text":"","id":"X4q6dykcWoOYOkxchR2cbn68ngh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"露锋","id":""}],"text":"","id":"S4EUdIacuoii4QxGKk4c3c5Mnhh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"于藏锋的运笔刚好相反,它以笔尖着纸,故意露出笔锋,收笔时渐行渐提笔杆。以这种笔法画出的线条灵活而飘逸。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TKmEdEAAook4KUxcV12cT3aNnyb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":670,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"露锋","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ed17f41112ba4887b51768a4c1ae66e5","width":720},"text":"","id":"A6gqdkSKEoSWOYx2gWEceI8lnLG"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"藏锋","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CeWqd8GIyo2m6GxIHwpc7vGInle"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔锋要藏而不露,画出的线条才沉着含蓄,力透纸背。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Gi0ydSwe2ooyuyxc1zScvHdqn8Y"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":577,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"藏锋","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/42fa82b8a251498fb0539707de50c7b7","width":720},"text":"","id":"NAeOdscsqo4SO8x2g7xc8ob9nnb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"顺锋","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZOMQdEwAKoqgEqx2V4BcBgOXnig"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"运笔与逆锋相反,采用拖笔运行,画出的线条轻快流畅、灵秀活泼。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Pko4dMokWoO4WCxS45gcMY9mnpg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":613,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"顺锋","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/63b50b5d54eb4aebad9b0cb1dcebef91","width":720},"text":"","id":"DIwWdcieioU86Ox4tPtcb1YWnYf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"扩展资料","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BQo8dUAmgo02AsxUDPlcROWynGf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"所谓笔法,写字作画用笔的方法,即中国画特有的用线方法。中国书画主要都以线条表现,所用工具都是尖锋毛笔,要使书画的线条点画富有变化,必先讲究执笔,在运笔时掌握轻重、快慢、偏正、曲直等方法,称为“笔法”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YkucdS6qUoqKOyxuwB5c6tGGnR3"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"国画有着自己明显的特征,讲究“气韵生动”,不拘泥于物体外表的肖似,而多强调抒发作者的主观情趣。中国画讲求“以形写神”,追求一种“妙在似与不似之间”的感觉。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Wa0QdooUQoyEwMxeAgvcbRicnre"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"讲究笔墨神韵,笔法要求:平、圆、留、重、变。墨法要求墨分五色,焦、浓、重、淡、清。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Gg6EdM6kEogoMQxCRk3ciyysntb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"讲究“骨法用笔”,不讲究焦点透视,不强调环境对于物体的光色变化的影响。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SU4YdYMCIoQa4sx0c4ocpZoCnUf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"讲究空白的布置和物体的“气势”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JYYEd6082o4GW8x4uK0cmVODnac"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"国画分科","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FeuUd4momoUeoExGOA3c3COsn1b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"国画总分为工笔和写意两种,大致又分工笔花鸟,工笔山水,工笔人物,写意花鸟,写意山水,写意人物等。写意用生宣,工笔用熟宣,也有半生不熟的纸可以画一些兼工带写。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Laq0dqaaqoIYEAxAZX9cyXQFnQh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"国画的细分科按形式分,工笔,写意;工笔讲究“工”,用笔细致,需要细细勾勒反复渲染的;写意讲“意”,用笔洒脱,以形写神,一笔到位。按题材分,人物、花鸟、山水。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ye2WdaUC8ocwCMxUbkecu2EMnsb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PQkedcOaeo8wOgxMHXlcvaoqnrg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔画步骤","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BK62dmyuwoQgasxk5kPcde9Znad"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"起稿","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HSaGdY4MkoYumKxQrc6cLMTWnZc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"可用铅笔在图画纸上对临起稿,或直接拷贝临本,用HB铅笔将画稿拷贝到绢或熟宣纸上,铅笔线要轻、淡。也可直接把画稿拷贝到白纸上,特别是用绢画时,这样可以避免画稿变形,铅笔线以绷稿后看清为准。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RIOIdasY6oCeMgxczSWce5Kin1g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"也可以去买个拷贝台,把起好的稿子或打印的图纸放在拷贝台上,再把熟宣/绢蒙在上面拷贝,这样拷贝的图精确度稍高一点。画熟练了就可以直接用勾线笔上墨线了!","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PGoUdMIw6o4mYMxs9mNcwU02nyf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":328,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"起稿","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7aba240186f8415c8d23212c2288a6cb","width":430},"text":"","id":"S0ukdeec6ouMEaxcJ7NcRRGznke"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"绷稿","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MSaQdMKqsoU8ssxQl1NccVmLn0f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"要求:先在画板上裱贴一张白纸,待干后将绢或熟宣纸绷到画板上。具体绷绢步骤可以看这个:如何绷娟","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YIOadU4W4ocGu4xCWWacelN0nQb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"所需材料:图钉、浆糊、水。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OAmIdEwIGo8uwWxKCh9cARXNnXf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、首先,把框子装好,然后把绢放在框子上摆好。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Jcsideqeyoq84mxYDW9c7Cm7nUf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":361,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"绷稿","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/378593985d7247548856177840db930a","width":480},"text":"","id":"Vs4Idym8EoAi2wxySmjcMZ9Dn3c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、然后,在绢的一头按上图钉,另一边喷水,慢慢展开。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DeQadQaO4o80omxSs4fciWqqnMh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":361,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"绷稿","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4b1a16ddf74a4581ae2542b99476eca3","width":481},"text":"","id":"AA4wd6u26oe4uAxop4icQyLLn8d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、喷湿后慢慢调整,差不多了可以涂浆糊,继续调整。不要特别紧,因为绢干了也会收缩,另外绢本身有织的纹路,拉扯变形了就不好了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IIiadA4Imoag4CxYzaUcg3edn0e"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":361,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"绷稿","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c3aca1c113154a26834550f9c1291912","width":480},"text":"","id":"FCMGd8AOuomKYUxoXzSc0qtAnMf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、然后把最后一条边涂上浆糊,折好。绢的外部也可以再涂一层浆糊。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XQmSdGaWsoWge4x2f42cKwZPnTs"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":360,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"绷稿","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f51fbc4baf2c48339a3079c61f5a8d1f","width":480},"text":"","id":"L8iWdksMYoGuAqxKACicnZ2ZnGh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、等干了就可以上色了,看看效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LiusdcoyioMmkSxMN6Ic6ICMnAf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":360,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"绷稿","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/362b1268ea24474b89ef9f5bc354a337","width":481},"text":"","id":"UK6gduis8oq80MxGWorcK09Qn2c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"注意事项:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HkwudGAwyoO8W2xM1eqcDB0QnRW"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、草稿:使用铅笔打草稿,纸张不要求。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AmUudeWY8ogEmkxwjK8c9DAnnTb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、过稿:将草稿放置在拷贝台上,上面覆一层熟宣,使用勾线笔(花枝俏、小叶筋等均可)将画稿勾在宣纸上,这样的作品称为白描。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SCIOdOeuyoU8Aex2rXxc6SNKnSg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、渲:在画好的草稿上用墨来表现画面的明暗,方法是:使用两支较大的笔(一般为大白云)一支蘸墨,一支蘸水,先点墨,在墨没干之前用水渲开,造成一个自然的过渡。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VE4mdMuk8oeK22xkhvzchoEKnWc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、染:方法和渲的步骤差不多,不过使用的是国画颜料,这一步较为麻烦。为了让色彩更加均匀厚实,一般要进行多次,有“三矾九染”之说。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LGGcdsoO2ou4AqxKgWKcFxtGnvc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"勾线","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OGQIdkIiyoc8scxkPECcFZCOnQf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"勾线的用笔方法分为中锋和侧锋,工笔人物画中以中锋为主。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YYAKda4uKosaiixAj2hc4zD0n7d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中锋:中锋即锥形毛笔笔尖在毛笔的运行过程中,始终处在用笔的中心位置。中锋用笔是中国画用笔方法的首要特征。其特点是:笔力饱满,内涵丰富。外柔内刚,极富表现力。中锋线圆润、浑厚、匀整,并且有弹性。也要注意墨线的浓墨变化,适当时加入清水调试。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WKqEdcMQAo4ao6xOWWLcyBZNn0e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"侧锋:侧锋的执笔是把笔管横卧或倾斜。与纸成各种角度,笔尖不在墨线中间,笔尖在墨线一侧,并出现飞白的效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CCWwdu2U6oksu6xo1pCcaYTRnWd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"勾线用笔的起止很重要,每一条线无论长短都必须有起笔、行笔、收笔三个过程。要求“起笔藏锋、运笔中锋、收笔回锋”,这是线描的主要技法要点。画人物和花鸟都需要了解勾线技巧。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XkcWdsME4ooGQoxkhnJcBxRKnTc"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":402,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"勾线","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9424f151629346aea31f61353108e8ba","width":448},"text":"","id":"MqUwdgUooogeY2xGyEacXyeBnSc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":235,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"勾线","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/632de4513c7049449ee62d8f5ea4d1af","width":444},"text":"","id":"BqUadgGQuo6Q2UxqmSkcI66lnib"}],"text":"","id":"YGoudM0GeoCsoax6XYYcdWqPnhd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"着染","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YGoudM0GeoCsoax6XYYcdWqPnhd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"传统工笔画的着染方法总体来说可以分为分染、罩染、勾填等方法,分染和罩染是传统工笔人物画和花鸟中最常用的技法。山水的话还要用到“皴”的技法,以体现山脉特有的肌理。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Bmy2dAAMWoMa4kxQhtrc4CQLn7f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"分染:是把平面的线描按其结构、纹理用色或墨渲染出一定的层次和体积关系。分染时,准备一支笔蘸色,一支笔蘸清水把颜色均匀地烘淡。分染法采用分层叠加的方法进行设色,它的优点是色彩厚重饱和,层次变化丰富,表现力强。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"E4sGdKoYMoOkCOxSqtqcq6mcnhd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"罩染:绘画,在着色时,先铺底,后罩色,这种方法就叫罩染。一般是先用渲染法铺上底色,颜色应厚重一些,可以层层复加。由深到淡,要表现出其明暗、层次。再根据需要再平涂一二次翠色,颜色要淡薄。底色和罩色的选择要根据所绘物体本身的特点,目的是使二者相得益彰,产生厚重、鲜明、复杂、丰富的色彩效果。画山水用水墨皴染,可罩染花青和赭石等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SukOdgkA8o6KOmxEJMzcqTSpntc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"背染:在绢的背面衬色以使正面的颜色更厚重,丰富画面层次。背面使用的是平涂的方法,植物色和矿物色均可。这几个步骤应该是交替进行的,要想画的细腻,这些动作可能要重复很多遍。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Qk6QdYOAeoW4CuxmgdWc6DfGnCb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"复勾","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YAwmdMKugoE6yCxIdlBcKnUnn3d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"有些地方染完颜色后,之前勾线的部分变得不是很明显了,需要重新勾一遍。这时候勾千万要注意浓淡,颜色重了容易生硬呆板匠气,线条尽量保持流畅,毕竟是附在最上面的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BoyIdcoSGoYYauxSulRcPdvInne"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"刷胶矾水","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LWGcd6ismoQyMex0gabc60O9nVg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"为了防止熟绢跑矾,在设色之前,要在绢的背面刷一遍胶矾水。古人把胶矾称作“伐绢之斧”。未刷胶矾水的绢和宣纸,称作生绢、生宣,是画写意画的材料。刷过胶矾水的绢和宣纸,其性能发生了改变,称之为熟绢、熟宣,适合画工笔画。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RyQQdO68goQMoCxsdhvcJBTBnpg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、胶矾水有制作熟绢、固定颜色、保护画面的作用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PE8MdSAAOoK6ekxSE2gcz6rCnue"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"胶:黄明胶,又名广胶,颗粒状的效果比较好。使用时用冷水泡上几分钟,去掉浮灰,加入热水搅拌,胶粒全部溶解后即可,但不能用开水,开水会使粘度降低。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FAu0dMGeso6Ckcxcxj9cnKGen6g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"矾:又称明矾,主要产自安徽庐江,头天用凉水浸泡,第二天用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"O62GdCmywoWscoxKAwQczRPanjd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":472,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"复勾","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/cd2fcf6dc5054693b817904765868a0e","width":726},"text":"","id":"YsWAdsiumoQ8Kwxu6qPchPYtnmd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、胶矾水的混合比一般7:3较为适当,矾大胶小,染墨色时会颜色板滞、难以染匀。胶大矾小则会出现滑笔,墨、色易脱落等问题。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"L6oOdAy8MocwS6xMxAacSfq7nid"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":471,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"复勾","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9eb85ef6ff5c4114a12fae0eb3682449","width":675},"text":"","id":"VW8mdaeK6ok6uaxu8X8c21vDnUf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、刷胶矾水,刷胶矾水的环境最好在温度25度左右的晴天,温度过低胶矾会很快凝固,不易刷匀。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KM8OdSAKGoy0qmx8j74cjzpRnEq"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":478,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"复勾","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a5d66c0138cb4537964255d48e554279","width":594},"text":"","id":"WsKmd4AY2owcYux4IzOcnJTInSe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"装裱","id":""}],"text":"","id":"REk8dwSamo8MQ2xvTkyc00aBnfZ"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"古语有云:“三分字画,七分裱”,精致的装裱工艺不仅可以使字画得到更好的保护,同时也能起到烘托字画,突出神韵的作用。书画装裱的步骤一般是先用纸托裱在绘画作品的背后,再用绞、绢、纸等镶边,然后安装轴杆成卷轴或者装框条成镜框。传统的装裱是多种多样的,但其成品按形制可分为挂轴,手卷,册页三大类。原裱的绘画不论画心的大小、形状、及裱后的用途,都只有托裱画心、镶覆、砑装三个步骤。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IEOOdkmiUoyUSixUnWEc61sZnwo"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第一步:观察字画","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QowedGGayoIcASxwGqsc3PbAn9x"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"揣摩原作的气度,以利于更好地选择装裱材料烘托原作气质。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WUCOdGE8ioowuSxM5VqcK7P9nVf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第二步:托裱画心","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K8gcdYAmmoQsMixKYzicaxbNn4x"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、将画心反铺在干净的画案上,用喷壶在画心背面均匀喷洒水花;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"C0smdKGyoowwigxOIi6cnviKnrc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、待画心潮润且平整得贴附在画案上时,用排笔在画心背面均匀刷浆;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VOEWdCqskosee0xSLwkchJoNneR"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、一手持特制的装裱棕刷,一手持略大于画心的托纸,对齐一边,用棕刷自上而下排扫托纸,逐渐使整张托纸平整贴附于画心背面;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LyWMdK6kmo6CAwxKIWgcWakon0f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、用手指在托纸边缘均匀抹上浆糊;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"J6owdCG2kowCKaxU7kucSgaennf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、待画心略干后,轻轻揭起,转贴至挣墙晾干。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TqAGdyKYmo00AOx8Xlcc4vdMnMe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第三步:镶条","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MymEdGc0oowWuyx0yadcWIV7nDO"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、待画心干透,用裁刀将其从墙面取下,裁去托纸不整齐的边角部分;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LII2d0SWcoCkSIxia0HccWXKnCd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、在画心四角均匀抹浆,镶上助条;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EEkkdOOkgooMiKxcHRFcsOysnXb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、在助条边缘抹浆,镶上边条。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VC68dgwouoouiMx6pYScz9VanHb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第四步:覆背","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Is4Md648gouM0Wx8Xjbck4qfnee"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在已镶条的画作后重复第二个步骤。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"O642dyGuAoSogKxY1wacH1AcnEh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第五步:装框","id":""}],"text":"","id":"H0QqdyeSwoGYgOxOglZcyn2Cnxg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"已制成的画作如需装框则在画作干透后进行平整,镶装画框;如做成卷轴,则应在画作上下装上天杆和地杆,并牵上挂绳,拴入绛色丝带。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SeWqdo0m0oCWUaxEZiXcpkvGnmd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"注意事项","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RUcqdgmWKoAMQYxwRGZczajDnUb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一般的装裱能够收藏的是手工的,浆糊的质量也是收藏时间的保证。裱画的糨糊不同于普通的糨糊,不仅黏稠度和透明度有所差别,并且在熬制时还要加入一些防治蠹虫的配料","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LeEQdYWUmo0ieixE3kLcTuRcnNh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐临摹书籍","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AiiAdmQgmoywO2xWcWmc2ufMnum"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"人物","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ywm6doEayok8IixKmF0cS5EFnrf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"白描:《八十七神仙卷》练线描这一本完全够了。如果觉得难度大的,可以进行局部练习。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NCwsdYOquoWEm2xUvkWcraCwngb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":814,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"人物","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c5758b24e6854e70b1182bc120082331","width":720},"text":"","id":"AkgOdq2qQosC0ixUviQcvNXCnmb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔设色","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BUw8degeooSi6MxM5LvcDg6En0f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《簪花仕女图》、韩熙载夜宴图、《虢国夫人游春图》、《捣练图》、《洛神赋图》等","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GOMSdkKSSoSEkgxgRcTcvqkbnxg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":983,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔设色","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6cf54bbe0d664254afd91633cc5b611f","width":720},"text":"","id":"C86wdUSGWo4Eu8xEeo0cdJzZnPf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《簪花仕女图》局部","id":""}],"text":"","id":"D68wdckYsoQ6m6xo5lxc76YPnSg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":411,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔设色","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1c12e9c7eb234b80b54315b435e86938","width":720},"text":"","id":"CEyOdyk2so8G0cxIlbOcX2jInIf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《虢国夫人游春图》局部","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XQ6Edk0qgoi4cKxysxEcjDwgn8d"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"花鸟","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OY8qducumo6EM2xUDZ2c7GCvnAg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"宋代小品、宋徽宗、陈老莲花鸟集。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ISoydoaUcoee8KxGamkcHUyCnaf"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":721,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"花鸟","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f05118f3f7a94c3f8f74158912f6ae0e","width":720},"text":"","id":"KGakdCSiCo6AwYxgI0VcAmblnTP"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":465,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"花鸟","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/248caa97bff949b791f7fb97ccee23f9","width":483},"text":"","id":"N2wkdek2gooQeQx8p6yc9yL1nPf"}],"text":"","id":"OY4odwasmoIyiwxcrLncKDZlnpb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"山水","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OY4odwasmoIyiwxcrLncKDZlnpb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"山水小品、《千里江山图》、长桥卧波图、马远夏圭。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XiS4demmGo08cyxUtmhcv8YFn3c"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":680,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"山水","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e8b26e04ba654cb4881b5270e3a1139d","width":720},"text":"","id":"PiUmd8ASWoOycSxuIQnc8mwdnxf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":491,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"山水","id":""}],"ur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、主次虚实关系、层次关系、呼应关系、色调变化等等。从临摹中掌握了一定的技法以后再试着进行变化和创造,心中就有数了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UW2Gd6MC4og2ysxeDe6c07Z1nZe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"临摹的目的是学习、借鉴他人的技法。临摹与写生相较,写生为主,临摹为次,写生是源,临摹是流。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HOMcdAw6SoeC2SxWKG8cTYfhnZd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"临,把画放在桌上,对着画。摹,则是用一张透明的薄纸盖在画上,用笔墨描摹。摹画也叫拓画。临摹要防止犯“结壳”“游魂”“附影子”等弊病。“结壳”,即是学习古人或老师的技法,而被之束缚,不能变化、发展。“游魂”,就是东学一点,西学一点,浅尝辄止,不能融会贯通。“附影子”,即只能依赖前人的稿子或一家一派的门户,一离开,便寸步难行,作不出画。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Fim4dg20oowmIcxkNl5csVeGnlf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"临摹要和默写结合起来,中国画的创作方法很重视默写。提高默写能力要靠深入掌握物象的造型特点和规律及运笔用墨的规律。因此,临摹一定要认真体会。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CgUMdQCIIoOiEWxAJzYczDdSnfb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"结合临摹平时要注意多欣赏名家名作,可以反复欣赏品味,此外还要多参观画展,汲取各家之长,开阔眼界,开拓思路,丰富技法手段,提高修养。在观摩和学习时可随时记录一下构图、技法特点、题款内容和自己的感受。只要认真扎实地学习,肯定会有大的进步。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QEiWdqegIoGA80xoxIYcCiKynbf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"写生","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DqsodmYiWomCWQx4LWMcPVoonlh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"通过写生可以进一步了解自然山水、花鸟和结构及动态规律,可以大量搜集创作素材,锻炼造型能力,进一步丰富知识和绘画技巧,在大自然中得到新鲜的感受。这是提高绘画创作水平必不可少的重要环节。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QkA6doU0woyEmExo5hTcsguansf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"写生之前要多观察、多分析。写生的工具不必过于讲究,铅笔、钢笔、毛笔都可以,纸张随便,关键是要画得严肃、认真。写生的过程就是学习、观察大自然的过程,达到搜集创作素材提高创作能力的目的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ewc6dMWgQoy8WqxQvoDcsrm1nsg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"画外功","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OsMadsGGIoAGooxu8FicBpBrnne"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"与绘画技巧相适应,还需具备多方面的知识。如书法技巧和文学修养都需作相应的提高。这是培养审美观念、增进鉴别能力的基础。只有多读书(小说、散文、诗歌及绘画理论都需要读)、勤练书法才能满足学习绘画的要求。练习书法不仅仅是为了适应题字落款的需要,更重要的是书法也是国画的基本功。要通过练习书法,提高笔线的表现能力,加强墨晕的风骨,以书入画格调情趣自然更高。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"E0Kyd4kmOo62a0xWcA9c32I4nkc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"创作","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PkmMd6gMOoQMAKx68D5cK7NTnLf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"初学国画不必急于创作,应先在以上三方面打下扎实的基础,苦练基本功。有了一定的基础后,可以慢慢试着进行创作。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Km0WdaMUSoOkEmxEFcYc7SI6nge"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"创作阶段","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KsYedIIIwoOG0qx4QbAcZcoqn6c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第一阶段可以参考资料,借助别人作品的造型或笔墨技法,按照自己的创作意图去试着创作。这个阶段也叫初级阶段。通过这一阶段可以初步摸索到创作方面的规律。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LousdUKsioguiWxCI8icx3a7n9e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第二阶段,待掌握了一定的技法之后,便可以较自由地进行创作。这一阶段是巩固和灵活运用技法阶段,通过这个阶段的练习,可使技法更熟练,构图变化更丰富。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GsUEdia80o0UAmxglY1c5Bt0nVh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第三阶段——成熟阶段。技法的成熟的标志不是按照一个模式的纯熟,而是根据不同意境、感觉、情趣的要求不断变化技法,体现出随机应变、运用自如而又不断创新。这一阶段的追求是情趣的表现及创作内涵的深化,是既有“法”度而又不为法度所束缚。以法作画,千篇一律,以情作画,变化万千。这是高超的技法和高深修养的结合,是我们追求的目的。初学者只要得法,用功,是会达到这一目标的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K2Yidsk0Qo4uusx0QQUc3fdhnDb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"学国画素材","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XqkMd6Iw0oGOKmxS2A0ccrf9nNd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"花鸟素材","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EAcgdqymqo0cwmxMNqYcwbzcnHe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"竹子","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ic2sdiyiGoyIQGxqig3cjXhvnJf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、蘸淡墨勾画竹叶,用相同的笔法画出三片为一组的竹叶。依次增加叶子,注意竹叶方向、大小等要有变化,下笔时两头轻中间重。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"N0EAdqC8OocWk2xs3FOcweOQnMg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、淡墨勾画竹子的主干,待半干后浓墨勾画竹节。最后用淡墨勾画竹子的分支。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QY8CdaWS4oyEsGxWwnfcQJ7lnrg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KIEydWUuSo2MAMxIBXqcQF5Vn5g"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":1046,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"竹子","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/57b120661ae14a249184b70caefe0637","width":942},"text":"","id":"EMGcdWuSWo4uAgxScaJcXYWunYe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"牡丹","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NgQIdQCUkoQUqexiAZYc5VcznHe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、整笔蘸粉色,笔尖蘸曙红画花瓣,依次增加花瓣。画出整朵花头,注意整朵花的形状要错落有变。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZmACdYek4oY4OgxEzb2cijGznCh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"、整笔蘸粉色,笔尖蘸曙红点出花苞,画出左右相邻的小花瓣。最后用淡绿色加胭脂画出花尊。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XI4YduoICoCgGKxY56zcZsD6nLd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、整笔蘸淡绿色,笔尖蘸淡墨侧锋画出整组牡丹叶子。浓墨勾叶筋,墨绿加胭脂画枝条。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Y6COd0E22oy0M4xCoDDchRc8ncc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":1008,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"牡丹","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a34c7a92de164ab5afa43fe2540e4c7c","width":900},"text":"","id":"QCeAdCKc6o6Q88xIJJHcwtrRnwf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"麻雀","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BS8IdQUY8o2U0mxQzETcc5E3nac"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、蘸赭石加淡墨侧锋点出鸟的头部,中锋画背羽,侧锋画上下翅。浓墨点斑纹、飞羽、尾羽、眼睛嘴,最后以淡墨画胸腹。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KWysdguSmommQsxohsBcIzMBn2g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、赭石加淡墨侧锋画出头部,中锋画背羽,侧锋画上下翅,浓墨画嘴,点眼睛。淡墨画胸腹,浓墨点斑纹、飞羽和尾羽,浓墨中锋画腿,浓墨画爪子。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"T6Sgd2WcWoUCoUxWm6uc18LBnyg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":700,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"麻雀","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3b44f13174b6450895843821a3888870","width":1080},"text":"","id":"R8UGd4Os4ooUisx6Bb8ccnJXn0b"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"小鸡","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TQU8dwweaoAMSWxCexxcwsjAnff"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、蘸中墨侧锋画出头部,侧锋点出翅膀,随后用干墨勾画尾部。浓墨画嘴和眼睛,淡墨画胸部和大腿,待半干时用浓墨勾画脚。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TA8Gdm6swoqaOixIdv4chr7knEh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、蘸浓墨,行侧锋画出头部,侧锋画翅膀,淡墨画胸部和大腿,最后浓墨勾画嘴、脚。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QWUEd2KCqowuIwxopcdcv40PnWg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":744,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"小鸡","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a54e2d5df928466db4159176960f1218","width":1080},"text":"","id":"Lq4mdCyo8oGwIaxS6gqcdMT9nMf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"翠鸟","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BIOmdMqIcocEsexSKCOcdI9xngc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、蘸三青点出鸟的头部,运侧锋画出身子和上下翅。采浓墨画嘴、尾羽、飞羽并点上眼睛。用钛白点鸟身斑纹,淡赭石染胸部,朱砂染嘴与鸟爪,最后用藤黄染眼珠。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Z2I0dkmwQoWsm0xKGDPc5G1jnwg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、三青加花青点出头部,用浓墨画出眼睛并勾画嘴巴,再画出头上的毛。三青加花青画鸟毛,用淡赭石画出腹部,浓墨勾画轮廓,朱砂染嘴和勾画鸟爪,藤黄染眼珠。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FIqidk426oSgqOxmu1ZcRUISnNg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":712,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"翠鸟","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/68f8ef716b1e48bebdafd755d5ca813a","width":1080},"text":"","id":"Gk2gdAmOCo2AusxeMeScyMydnfd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"喜鹊","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KUEodSkwooikgmxMTHIcEdPbnOg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"蘸浓墨勾画嘴和眼睛,浓墨画头部和颈羽。蘸中墨侧锋行笔画胸腹,画背羽留白羽,浓墨画翅羽,并为其添加尾羽。淡墨中锋行笔画胸腹,腿爪用浓墨勾画,鹅黄染眼珠。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QmqUdKKCoosmuGxeCrAcRzrEnKf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":708,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"喜鹊","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c85755f9cb2842208b138a781b43f5e1","width":1080},"text":"","id":"MCQAdiAGkoCaW2x4cgocIQXTnJc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"学国画的好处","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HayQdu4C0owiG0xEtsdcBuDInze"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"学国画是一件非常陶冶情操的事情,不仅能解放人的天性、给人带来满足感、成就感,而且还会在作品中实现对自我的肯定。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BokYdq0MKoOEsWxOwt0ctoSBnmd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、学国画是人生良伴。人的一生分为很多阶段,少年时,可以以画言志;青壮年时,生活压力巨大,可以以画解压;等到年过中年,孩子都已成家立业,自己也临近退休,内心难免会有孤独之感,此时可以画画消遣。学国画的人,随着自己的文化积淀,艺术修养的不断提升,他的画作也如陈年老酒,愈发醇香,愈发动人。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NO6gdacGWoiKwOxQXGvcTlf8nvg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、学国画能陶冶情操。学习国画讲求的是意境,讲究内涵,真、善、美。通过笔墨抒发感情,培养艺术气息,陶冶情操。艺术气息会一直伴随着你,生活中有了艺术,你会感觉到自己的世界都是带着诗情画意。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JcgEd0wqeomo46xixDcceYKInv1"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、学国画能提高审美。中国画具有简练、概括的特点,在学国画时,注意力集中,执笔、行笔要运气用力,这样就养成了良好的学习习惯,不仅可以培养学习能力、理解能力,而且还可以提高审美能力和学习兴趣。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Q0Gkde2MuoqUIUxOaqscKFPrnEc"}]%3C%2Fhowto_content%3E陈奕迅爱情转移粤语发音的歌词?
富士山下
fu xi san ha
拦路雨边至雪花
lan lou yu bin ji xut fa
饮泣的你冻吗
yam yap dik nei dong ma
这风褛我给你
ze fong lau ngo kap nei
磨到有襟花
mo dou yau gam fa
连掉了职也不怕
lin diu liu jik ya bat pa
怎么始终牵挂
zam mo qi zong hin gua
苦心选中今天
fu sam xun zong gam tin
想车你回家
soeng che nei wui ga
如让我不再送花
yu yoeng ngo bat zoi song fa
伤口应已结疤
soeng hau ying yi git ba
花瓣铺满心里
fa fan pou mun sam loi
坟场才害怕
fan choeng choi hoi pa
如若你非我不嫁
yu yoek nei fei ngo bat ga
彼此终必火化
bei qi zong bit fo fa
一生一世
yat sang yat sai
等一天需要代价
dang yat tin soi yiu doi ga
谁都只得那双手
soi dou ji dak na soeng sau
靠拥抱亦难任你拥有
kau yong pou yik nan yam nei yong yau
要拥有必先懂
yiu yong yau bit xin dong
失去怎接受
sat hoi zam jip sau
曾沿着雪路浪游
cang yin zoek xut lou long yau
为何为好事泪流
wai ho wai hou xi loi lau
谁能凭爱意
soi nang pang ngoi yi
要富士山私有
yiu fu xi san xi yau
何不把悲哀感觉
ho bat ba bei ngoi gam gok
假设是来自你虚构
ga qit xi loi ji nei hoi kau
试管里找不到
xi gun loi zau bat dou
他染污眼眸
ta yim u ngan mau
前尘硬化像石头
qin qan ngang fa zoeng sek tau
随缘地抛下变逃走
choi yun dei pau ha bin tou zau
我绝不罕有
ngo jut bat hon yau
往街里绕过一周
wong gai loi yiu guo yat zau
我便化乌有
ngo bin fa u yau
情人节不要说穿
qing yan jit bat yiu xut qun
只敢抚你发端
ji gam fu nei fat dvn
这种姿态可会
ze zong ji tai ho wui
令你更心酸
ling nei gang sam xun
留在汽车里取暖
lau zoi hei che loi choi nvn
应该怎么规劝
ying goi zam mo kuai hvn
怎么可以
zam mo ho yi
将手腕忍痛划损
joeng sau wun yan tong wak xun
人活到几岁算短
yan wut dou gei soi xun dvn
失恋只有更短
sat lvn ji yau gang dvn
归家需要几里路
guai ga soi yiu gei lei lou
谁能预算
soi nang yu xun
忘掉我跟你恩怨
mong diu ngo gan nei yan yun
樱花开了几转
ying fa hoi liu gei jun
东京之旅
dong ging ji loi
一早比一世遥远
yat zou bei yat sai yiu yun
你还嫌不够
nei wan yim bat gau
我把这陈年风褛
ngo ba ze chan nin fong lau
送赠你解咒
song zang nei gai zau